iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.
iBet uBet web content aggregator. Adding the entire web to your favor.



Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24254989
Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer - PubMed Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2013 Nov 19;2013(11):CD004150.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004150.pub4.

Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer

Paul Brocklehurst  1 , Omar Kujan, Lucy A O'Malley, Graham Ogden, Simon Shepherd, Anne-Marie Glenny
Affiliations
Review

Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer

Paul Brocklehurst et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Oral cancer is an important global healthcare problem, its incidence is increasing and late-stage presentation is common. Screening programmes have been introduced for a number of major cancers and have proved effective in their early detection. Given the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with oral cancer, there is a need to determine the effectiveness of a screening programme for this disease, either as a targeted, opportunistic or population-based measure. Evidence exists from modelled data that a visual oral examination of high-risk individuals may be a cost-effective screening strategy and the development and use of adjunctive aids and biomarkers is becoming increasingly common.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of current screening methods in decreasing oral cancer mortality.

Search methods: We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 22 July 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 6), MEDLINE via OVID (1946 to 22 July 2013), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 22 July 2013) and CANCERLIT via PubMed (1950 to 22 July 2013). There were no restrictions on language in the search of the electronic databases.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of screening for oral cancer or potentially malignant disorders using visual examination, toluidine blue, fluorescence imaging or brush biopsy.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors screened the results of the searches against inclusion criteria, extracted data and assessed risk of bias independently and in duplicate. We used mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for continuous data and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs for dichotomous data. Meta-analyses would have been undertaken using a random-effects model if the number of studies had exceeded a minimum of three. Study authors were contacted where possible and where deemed necessary for missing information.

Main results: A total of 3239 citations were identified through the searches. Only one RCT, with 15-year follow-up met the inclusion criteria (n = 13 clusters: 191,873 participants). There was no statistically significant difference in the oral cancer mortality rates for the screened group (15.4/100,000 person-years) and the control group (17.1/100,000 person-years), with a RR of 0.88 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.12). A 24% reduction in mortality was reported between the screening group (30/100,000 person-years) and the control group (39.0/100,000) for high-risk individuals who used tobacco or alcohol or both, which was statistically significant (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.97). No statistically significant differences were found for incidence rates. A statistically significant reduction in the number of individuals diagnosed with stage III or worse oral cancer was found for those in the screening group (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.70 to 0.93). No harms were reported. The study was assessed as at high risk of bias.

Authors' conclusions: There is evidence that a visual examination as part of a population-based screening programme reduces the mortality rate of oral cancer in high-risk individuals. In addition, there is a stage shift and improvement in survival rates across the population as a whole. However, the evidence is limited to one study, which has a high risk of bias and did not account for the effect of cluster randomisation in the analysis. There was no evidence to support the use of adjunctive technologies like toluidine blue, brush biopsy or fluorescence imaging as a screening tool to reduce oral cancer mortality. Further RCTs are recommended to assess the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a visual examination as part of a population-based screening programme in low, middle and high-income countries.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Paul Brocklehurst: no interests to declare. Omar Kujan: no interests to declare. Lucy A O'Malley: no interests to declare. Graham Ogden: no interests to declare. Simon Shepherd: no interests to declare. Anne‐Marie Glenny: no interests to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to studies included in this review

Sankaranarayanan 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ramadas K, Sankaranarayanan R, Jacob BJ, Thomas G, Somanathan T, Mahe C, et al. Interim results from a cluster randomized controlled oral cancer screening trial in Kerala, India. Oral Oncolgy 2003;39(6):580-8. - PubMed
    1. Sankaranarayanan R, Mathew B, Jacob BJ, Thomas G, Somanathan T, Pisani P, et al. Early findings from a community-based, cluster-randomized, controlled oral cancer screening trial in Kerala, India. Cancer 2000;88(3):664-73. - PubMed
    1. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thara S, Muwonge R, Thomas G, Anju G, et al. Long term effect of visual screening on oral cancer incidence and mortality in a randomized trial in Kerala, India. Oral Oncology 2013;49(4):314-21. - PubMed
    1. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G, Muwonge R, Thara S, Mathew B, et al. Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9475):1927-33. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Allen 1998 {published data only}
    1. Allen CM. Toluidine blue: proceed with caution? Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 1998;86(3):255. - PubMed
Chamberlain 1993 {published data only}
    1. Chamberlain J. Evaluation of screening for cancer. Community Dental Health 1993;10 Suppl(1):5-11. - PubMed
Chen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Chen TH, Chiu YH, Luh DL, Yen MF, Wu HM, Chen LS, et al. Community-based multiple screening model: design, implementation, and analysis of 42,387 participants. Cancer 2004;100(8):1734-43. - PubMed
Cheng 2003 {published data only}
    1. Cheng B, Yang L. The clinical evaluation of Oratest in detecting oral mucosal lesions. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2003;21(2):124-6. - PubMed
Eliezri 1988 {published data only}
    1. Eliezri YD. The toluidine blue test: an aid in the diagnosis and treatment of early squamous cell carcinomas of mucous membranes. Journal of American Academy of Dermatology 1988;18(6):1339-49. - PubMed
Garrote 1995 {published data only}
    1. Frenández Garrote L, Sankaranarayanan R, Lence Anta JJ, Rodriguez Salvá A, Maxwell Parkin D. An evaluation of the oral cancer control program in Cuba. Epidemiology 1995;6(4):428-31. - PubMed
Gray 2000 {published data only}
    1. Gray M, Gold L, Elley A, Bursla A. The Effectiveness of Toluidine Blue Dye as Adjunct to Oral Cancer Screening in General Dental Practice. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Department of Public Health & Epidemiology, 2000.
Gupta 1986 {published data only}
    1. Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ, Aghi MB, Bhonsle RB, Daftery DK, et al. Intervention study for primary prevention of oral cancer among 36 000 Indian tobacco users. Lancet 1986;1(8492):1235-9. - PubMed
Gupta 1992 {published data only}
    1. Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ, Bhonsle RB, Murti PR, Daftary DK, et al. Primary prevention trial of oral cancer in India: a 10-year follow-up study. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 1992;21(10):433-9. - PubMed
Ikeda 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ikeda N, Ishii T, Iida S, Kawai T. Epidemiological study of oral leukoplakia based on mass screening for oral mucosal diseases in a selected Japanese population. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 1991;19(3):160-3. - PubMed
Ikeda 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ikeda N, Downer MC, Ishii T, Fukano H, Nagao T, Inoue K. Annual screening for oral cancer and precancer by invitation to 60-year-old residents of a city in Japan. Community Dental Health 1995;12(3):133-7. - PubMed
Lavelle 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lavelle CL, Scully C. Criteria to rationalize population screening to control oral cancer. Oral Oncology 2005;41(1):11-6. - PubMed
Martin 1998 {published data only}
    1. Martin IC, Kerawala CJ, Reed M. The application of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics 1998;85(4):444-6. - PubMed
Miller 1988 {published data only}
    1. Miller RL, Simms BW, Gould AR. Toluidine blue staining for detection of oral premalignant lesions and carcinomas. Journal of Oral Pathology 1988;17(2):73-8. - PubMed
Moyer 1986 {published data only}
    1. Moyer GN, Taybos GM, Pelleu GB Jr. Toluidine blue rinse: potential for benign lesions in early detection of oral neoplasms. Journal of Oral Medicine 1986;41(2):111-3. - PubMed
Mullhaupt 2004 {published data only}
    1. Mullhaupt B, Jenny D, Albert S, Schmid S, Fried M. Controlled prospective evaluation of the diagnostic yield of a laryngopharyngeal screening examination during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gut 2004;53(9):1232-4. - PMC - PubMed
Nagao 2000 {published data only}
    1. Nagao T, Warnakulasuriya S, Ikeda N, Fukano H, Fujiwara K, Miyazaki H. Oral cancer screening as an integral part of general health screening in Tokoname City, Japan. Journal of Medical Screening 2000;7(4):203-8. - PubMed
Nagao 2000a {published data only}
    1. Nagao T, Ikeda N, Fukano H, Miyazaki H, Yano M, Warnakulasuriya S. Outcome following a population screening programme for oral cancer and precancer in Japan. Oral Oncology 2000;36(4):340-6. - PubMed
Nagao 2003 {published data only}
    1. Nagao T, Warnakulasuriya S. Annual screening for oral cancer detection. Cancer Detection and Prevention 2003;27(5):333-7. - PubMed
Patton 2003 {published data only}
    1. Patton LL. The effectiveness of community-based visual screening and utility of adjunctive diagnostic aids in the early detection of oral cancer. Oral Oncology 2003;39(7):708-23. - PubMed
Sankaranarayanan 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sankaranarayanan R. Health care auxiliaries in the detection and prevention of oral cancer. Oral Oncology 1997;33(3):149-54. - PubMed
Sankaranarayanan 2002 {published data only}
    1. Sankaranarayanan R, Fernandez Garrote L, Leuce Anta J, Pisani P, Rodriguez Salva A. Visual inspection in oral cancer screening in Cuba: a case-control study. Oral Oncology 2002;38(2):131-6. - PubMed
Silverman 1984 {published data only}
    1. Silverman S Jr, Migliorati C, Barbosa J. Toluidine blue staining in the detection of oral precancerous and malignant lesions. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 1984;57(4):379-82. - PubMed
Su 2010 {published data only}
    1. Su WW, Yen AM, Chiu SY, Chen TH. A community-based RCT for oral cancer screening with toluidine blue. Journal of Dental Research 2010;89(9):933-7. - PubMed
Vahidy 1972 {published data only}
    1. Vahidy NA, Zaidi SH, Jafarey NA. Toluidine blue test for detection of carcinoma of the oral cavity: an evaluation. Journal of Surgical Oncology 1972;4(5):434-8. - PubMed
Zhang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Zhang L, Williams M, Poh CF, Laronde D, Epstein JB, Durham S, et al. Toluidine blue staining identifies high-risk primary oral premalignant lesions with poor outcome. Cancer Research 2005;65(17):8017-21. - PubMed

Additional references

American 1992
    1. American Cancer Society. Update January 1992: The American Cancer Society guidelines for the cancer-related checkup. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians 1992;42:44-5. - PubMed
Begg 1996
    1. Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, Horton R, Moher D, Olkin I, et al. Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. JAMA 1996;276(8):637-9. - PubMed
Blot 1988
    1. Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Preston-Martin S, et al. Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Research 1988;48(11):3282-7. - PubMed
Boyle 2005
    1. Boyle P, Ferlay J. Cancer incidence and mortality in Europe, 2004. Annals of Oncology 2005;16(3):481-8. - PubMed
Brocklehurst 2010
    1. Brocklehurst PR, Baker SR, Speight PM. A qualitative study examining the experience of primary care dentists in the detection and management of potentially malignant lesions. 2. Mechanics of the referral and patient communication. British Dental Journal 2010;208(2):E4. - PubMed
Brocklehurst 2010a
    1. Brocklehurst PR, Baker SR, Speight PM. Oral cancer screening: what have we learnt and what is there still to achieve? Future Oncology 2010;6(2):299-304. - PubMed
Brocklehurst 2010b
    1. Brocklehurst PR, Baker SR, Speight PM. Factors which determine the referral of potentially malignant disorders by primary care dentists. Journal of Dentistry 2010;38(7):569-78. - PubMed
Cancer Research UK
    1. Cancer Research UK. http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/oral (accessed 14 April 2010).
Clarkson 2003
    1. Clarkson J, Harrison JE, Ismail AI, Needleman I, Worthington H. Evidence Based Dentistry for Effective Practice. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2003.
Cleveland 2011
    1. Cleveland JL, Junger ML, Saraiya M, Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Epstein JB. The connection between human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas in the United States: implications for dentistry. Journal of the American Dental Association 2011;142(8):915-24. - PubMed
Conway 2006
    1. Conway DI, Stockton DL, Warnakulasuriya KA, Ogden G, Macpherson LM. Incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in United Kingdom (1990-1999) - recent trends and regional variation. Oral Oncology 2006;42(6):586-92. - PubMed
Conway 2010a
    1. Conway DI, McKinney PA, McMahon AD, Ahrens W, Schmeisser N, Benhamou S, et al. Socioeconomic factors associated with risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Europe. European Journal of Cancer 2010;46(3):588-98. - PubMed
Conway 2010b
    1. Conway DI, McMahon AD, Smith K, Black R, Robertson G, Devine J, et al. Components of socioeconomic risk associated with head and neck cancer: a population-based case-control study in Scotland. The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2010;48(1):11-7. - PubMed
Day 1992
    1. Day GL, Blot WJ. Second primary tumors in patients with oral cancer. Cancer 1992;70(1):14-9. - PubMed
Diniz‐Freitas 2004
    1. Diniz-Freitas M, Garcia-Garcia A, Crespo-Abelleira A, Martins-Carneiro JL, Gandara-Rey JM. Applications of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of oral cancer. Medicina Oral 2004;9(4):355-61. - PubMed
Doobaree 2009
    1. Doobaree IU, Landis SH, Linklater KM, El-Hariry I, Moller H, Tyczynski J. Head and neck cancer in South East England between 1995-1999 and 2000-2004: An estimation of incidence and distribution by site, stage and histological type. Oral Oncology 2009;45(9):809-14. - PubMed
Downer 1998
    1. Downer MC, Jullien JA, Speight PM. An interim determination of health gain from oral cancer and precancer screening: 3. Preselecting high risk individuals. Community Dental Health 1998;15(2):72-6. - PubMed
Downer 2004
    1. Downer MC, Moles DR, Palmer S, Speight PM. A systematic review of test performance in screening for oral cancer and precancer. Oral Oncology 2004;40(3):264-73. - PubMed
Duffy 2001
    1. Duffy S, Hill C, Esteve J. Quantitative Methods for the Evaluation of Cancer Screening. London: Arnold, 2001.
Duffy 2005
    1. Duffy SW, Agbaje O, Tabar L, Vitak B, Bjurstam N, Bjorneld L, et al. Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of breast cancer: estimates of overdiagnosis from two trials of mammographic screening for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research 2005;7(6):258-65. - PMC - PubMed
Fletcher 1993
    1. Fletcher SW, Black W, Harris R, Rimer BK, Shapiro S. Report of International Workshop on Screening for Breast Cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1993;85(20):1644-56. - PubMed
Gøtzsche 2006
    1. Gøtzsche PC, Nielsen M. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. Art. No: CD001877. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Gøtzsche 2013
    1. Gøtzsche, PC Jørgensen, KJ. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. Art. No: CD001877. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hauck 1991
    1. Hauck WW, Gilliss CL, Donner A, Gortner S. Randomization by cluster. Nursing Research 1991;40(6):356-8. - PubMed
Hewitson 2007
    1. Hewitson P, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, Towler B, Watson E. Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No: CD001216. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001216.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Hindle 2000
    1. Hindle I, Downer MC, Moles DR, Speight PM. Is alcohol responsible for more intra-oral cancer? Oral Oncology 2000;36(4):328-33. - PubMed
Holmstrup 2007
    1. Holmstrup P, Vedtofte P, Reibel J, Stoltze K. Oral premalignant lesions: is a biopsy reliable? Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 2007;36:262-6. - PubMed
Holmstrup 2009
    1. Holmstrup P. Can we prevent malignancy by treating premalignant lesions? Oral Oncology 2009;45:549-50. - PubMed
IARC 2010
    1. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents CI5, vol IX. http://ci.iarc.fr/ (accessed 15 April 2010).
Kaplan 2005
    1. Kaplan RM. Screening for cancer: are resources being used wisely? Recent Results in Cancer Research 2005;166:315-34. - PubMed
Kay 1991
    1. Kay BR, Witte DL. The impact of cancer biology, lead time bias, and length bias in the debate about cancer screening tests. Journal of Insurance Medicine 1991;23(2):102-4. - PubMed
Kujan 2005
    1. Kujan O, Glenny AM, Duxbury AJ, Thakker N, Sloan P. Evaluation of screening strategies for improving oral cancer mortality: a Cochrane systematic review. Journal of Dental Education 2005;69(2):255-65. - PubMed
La Vecchia 1997
    1. La Vecchia C, Tavani A, Franceschi S, Levi F, Corrao G, Negri E. Epidemiology and prevention of oral cancer. Oral Oncology 1997;33(5):302-12. - PubMed
La Vecchia 2004
    1. La Vecchia C, Lucchini F, Negri E, Levi F. Trends in oral cancer mortality in Europe. Oral Oncology 2004;40(4):433-9. - PubMed
Lim 2003
    1. Lim K, Moles DR, Downer MC, Speight PM. Opportunistic screening for oral cancer and precancer in general dental practice: results of a demonstration study. British Dental Journal 2003;194(9):497-502. - PubMed
Lingen 2008
    1. Lingen MW, Kalmar JR, Karrison T, Speight PM. Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer. Oral Oncology 2008;44(1):10-22. - PMC - PubMed
Lippman 1989
    1. Lippman SM, Hong WK. Second malignant tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the overshadowing threat for patients with early-stage disease. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 1989;17(3):691-4. - PubMed
McLeod 2005
    1. McLeod NM, Saeed NR, Ali EA. Oral cancer: delays in referral and diagnosis persist. British Dental Journal 2005;198(11):681-4. - PubMed
Ministry of Health 2005
    1. Ministry of Health. National Cancer Control Programme, Sri Lanka. Cancer Incidence Data: Sri Lanka Year 2000. 6th Publication. Maharagama: NCCP, 2005.
Napier 2008
    1. Napier SS, Speight PM. Natural history of potentially malignant oral lesions and conditions: an overview of the literature. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 2008;37(1):1-10. - PubMed
Noonan 2005
    1. Noonan VL, Kabani S. Diagnosis and management of suspicious lesions of the oral cavity. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 2005;38(1):21-35. - PubMed
NSC 2010
    1. NSC. National Screening Committee. Available at http://www.screening.nhs.uk/screening (accessed 14 April 2010).
Ogden 1998
    1. Ogden GR, Wight AJ. Aetiology of oral cancer: alcohol. The British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1998;36(4):247-51. - PubMed
Ogden 2005
    1. Ogden GR. Alcohol and oral cancer. Alcohol 2005;35(3):169-73. - PubMed
Onizawa 2003
    1. Onizawa K, Nishihara K, Yamagata K, Yusa H, Yanagawa T, Yoshida H. Factors associated with diagnostic delay of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncology 2003;39(8):781-8. - PubMed
Paci 2004
    1. Paci E, Warwick J, Falini P, Duffy SW. Overdiagnosis in screening: is the increase in breast cancer incidence rates a cause for concern? Journal of Medical Screening 2004;11(1):23-7. - PubMed
Parkin 2005
    1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2005;55(2):74-108. - PubMed
Patton 2008
    1. Patton LL, Epstein JB, Kerr AR. Adjunctive techniques for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of the American Dental Association 2008;139(7):896-905. - PubMed
Petersen 2009
    1. Petersen PE. Oral cancer prevention and control - the approach of the World Health Organization. Oral Oncology 2009;45(4-5):454-60. - PubMed
Petti 2003
    1. Petti S. Pooled estimate of world leukoplakia prevalence: a systematic review. Oral Oncology 2003;39(8):770-80. - PubMed
Petti 2005
    1. Petti S, Scully C. Oral cancer: the association between nation-based alcohol-drinking profiles and oral cancer mortality. Oral Oncology 2005;41(8):828-34. - PubMed
Radoï 2013
    1. Radoï L, Paget-Bailly S, Cyr D, Papadopoulos A, Guida F, Schmaus A, et al. Tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and risk of oral cavity cancer by subsite: results of a French population-based case-control study, the ICARE study. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013;22(3):268-76. - PubMed
Rogers 2009
    1. Rogers SN, Brown JS, Woolgar JA, Lowe D, Magennis P, Shaw RJ, et al. Survival following primary surgery for oral cancer. Oral Oncology 2009;45(3):201-11. - PubMed
Rusthoven 2010
    1. Rusthoven KE, Raben D, Song JI, Kane M, Altoos TA, Chen C. Survival and patterns of relapse in patients with oral tongue cancer. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2010;68(3):584-9. - PubMed
Salaspuro 2011
    1. Salaspuro M. Acetaldehyde and gastric cancer. Journal of Digestive Diseases 2011;12(2):51-9. - PubMed
Sanders 2011
    1. Sanders AE, Slade GD, Patton LL. National prevalence of oral HPV infection and related risk factors in the U.S. adult population. Oral Diseases 2011;18(5):430-41. - PubMed
Scully 2009
    1. Scully C, Bagan J. Oral squamous cell carcinoma overview. Oral Oncology 2009;45(4-5):301-8. - PubMed
SEER 2010
    1. National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2004. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html (accessed 14 April 2010).
Speight 1992
    1. Speight PM, Zakrzewska J, Downer MC. Screening for oral cancer and precancer. European Journal of Cancer 1992;28B(1):45-8. - PubMed
Speight 2006
    1. Speight PM, Palmer S, Moles DR, Downer MC, Smith DH, Henriksson M, et al. The cost-effectiveness of screening for oral cancer in primary care. Health Technology Assessment 2006;10(14):1-144. - PubMed
Stewart 2003
    1. Stewart BW, Kleihues P International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Cancer Report. Lyon: IARC Press, 2003. - PubMed
Subramanian 2009
    1. Subramanian S, Sankaranarayanan R, Bapat B, Somanathan T, Thomas G, Mathew B, et al. Cost-effectiveness of oral cancer screening: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2009;87(3):200-6. - PMC - PubMed
Tarvainen 2004
    1. Tarvainen L, Suuronen R, Lindqvist C, Malila N. Is the incidence of oral and pharyngeal cancer increasing in Finland? An epidemiological study of 17,383 cases in 1953-1999. Oral Diseases 2004;10(3):167-72. - PubMed
van der Waal 2009
    1. Waal I. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. Oral Oncology 2009;45(4-5):317-23. - PubMed
Walsh 2013
    1. Walsh T, Liu JLY, Brocklehurst P, Glenny A-M, Lingen M, Kerr AR et al. Clinical assessment to screen for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 11. Art. No: CD010173. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010173.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Warnakulasuriya 2007
    1. Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 2007;36(10):575-80. - PubMed
Warnakulasuriya 2009
    1. Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncology 2009;45(4-5):309-16. - PubMed
WHO 2001
    1. World Health Organization (WHO) Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development. Geneva: WHO, 2001.
Wilson 1968
    1. Wilson JM, Jungner YG. Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Public Health Paper Number 34. Geneva: WHO, 1968.
Worthington 2015
    1. Worthington H, Clarkson J, Weldon J. Priority oral health research identification for clinical decision-making. Evidence-based Dentistry 2015;16(3):69-71. - PubMed
Yellowitz 2000
    1. Yellowitz JA, Horowitz AM, Drury TF, Goodman HS. Survey of U.S. dentist's knowledge and opinions about oral pharyngeal cancer. Journal of the American Dental Association 2000;131(5):653-61. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Brocklehurst 2010c
    1. Brocklehurst P, Kujan O, Glenny A-M, Oliver R, Sloan P, Ogden G, Shepherd S. Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 11. Art. No: CD004150. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004150.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Kujan 2003
    1. Kujan O, Glenny AM, Duxbury AJ, Thakker N, Sloan P. Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. Art. No: CD004150. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004150] - DOI - PubMed
Kujan 2006
    1. Kujan O, Glenny AM, Oliver R, Thakker N, Sloan P. Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No: CD004150. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004150.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms