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Link to original content: http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23202842/
Premenstrual symptoms in dysmenorrheic college students: prevalence and relation to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels - PubMed Skip to main page content
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. 2012 Nov 16;9(11):4210-22.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph9114210.

Premenstrual symptoms in dysmenorrheic college students: prevalence and relation to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels

Bayan A Obeidat  1 , Haifa A Alchalabi, Khalid K Abdul-Razzak, Mudhaffar I Al-Farras
Affiliations

Premenstrual symptoms in dysmenorrheic college students: prevalence and relation to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels

Bayan A Obeidat et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms (PMS) due to primary dysmenorrhea among a sample of university female students, and to explore possible association with vitamin D and parathyroid (PTH) levels, as well as frequency of consumption of dairy products.

Design: A cross-sectional study.

Setting: One Jordanian university.

Subjects: A total of 177 female students aged between 18 and 24 years who experienced primary dysmenorrhea participated in the study and completed a self administered questionnaire to collect information concerning demographics, menstruation-related information, associated specified premenstrual symptoms, and consumption of dairy products. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D level and intact parathyroid hormone level were measured.

Results: Of the 177 participants 91.5% had two or more symptoms among which fatigue, mood swings, anxiety, abdominal bloating, and depression were the most prevalent symptoms. There was no evident association between presence of symptoms and vitamin D status, PTH level or dairy products consumption. Headaches and social withdrawal were significantly lower in those women who consumed high amounts of dairy products.

Conclusion: Premenstrual symptoms are very common in young women with primary dysmenorrhea. PMS has no relation to levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone or dairy products consumption. Headache and social withdrawal may be affected by dairy product consumption.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of physical symptoms among females with premenstrual syndrome.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of psychological symptoms among females with premenstrual syndrome.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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