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Controlled Clinical Trial
. 2006 May 30;103(22):8481-6.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0505429103. Epub 2006 May 19.

Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans

Jean L Chan  1 , Giuseppe Matarese, Greeshma K Shetty, Patricia Raciti, Iosif Kelesidis, Daniela Aufiero, Veronica De Rosa, Francesco Perna, Silvia Fontana, Christos S Mantzoros
Affiliations
Controlled Clinical Trial

Differential regulation of metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune function by leptin in humans

Jean L Chan et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. .

Abstract

To elucidate whether the role of leptin in regulating neuroendocrine and immune function during short-term starvation in healthy humans is permissive, i.e., occurs only when circulating leptin levels are below a critical threshold level, we studied seven normal-weight women during a normoleptinemic-fed state and two states of relative hypoleptinemia induced by 72-h fasting during which we administered either placebo or recombinant methionyl human leptin (r-metHuLeptin) in replacement doses. Fasting for 72 h decreased leptin levels by approximately = 80% from a midphysiologic (14.7 +/- 2.6 ng/ml) to a low-physiologic (2.8 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) level. Administration of r-metHuLeptin during fasting fully restored leptin to physiologic levels (28.8 +/- 2.0 ng/ml) and reversed the fasting-associated decrease in overnight luteinizing hormone pulse frequency but had no effect on fasting-induced changes in thyroid-stimulating hormone pulsatility, thyroid and IGF-1 hormone levels, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and renin-aldosterone activity. FSH and sex steroid levels were not altered. Short-term reduction of leptin levels decreased the number of circulating cells of the adaptive immune response, but r-metHuLeptin did not have major effects on their number or in vitro function. Thus, changes of leptin levels within the physiologic range have no major physiologic effects in leptin-replete humans. Studies involving more severe and/or chronic leptin deficiency are needed to precisely define the lower limit of normal leptin levels for each of leptin's physiologic targets.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest statement: No conflicts declared.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Twenty-four-hour profile (8 a.m.–8 p.m.) of average (n = 7) leptin (a) and representative LH (b) levels on day 3 of a baseline fed state (Top), 72-h fasting with placebo (Middle), or 72-h fasting with replacement-dose r-metHuLeptin (Bottom).
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Leptin depletion or neutralization inhibits polyclonal T cell proliferation and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR), respectively. (a–c)The proliferative response of T lymphocytes to polyclonal stimuli (OKT3, PHA, and PMA/Iono) from controls is completely inhibited in medium with human serum depleted of leptin. Addition of recombinant human leptin (at 100 ng/ml final concentration) completely reverses this phenomenon. (d) Anti-leptin blocking Abs partially inhibit the antigen-specific proliferative response of T cells during MLR. HS, human serum.
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