| Table of Contents |
| | Biography | xi |
| | Foreword | xiii |
| | Preface | xix |
| | Acknowledgments | xxiii |
| ch. 1 | Introduction to Digital Libraries | 1 |
| | Introduction | 1 |
| | Definitions and Frameworks of Digital Libraries | 3 |
| | Early Definitions | 4 |
| | Multifaceted Definitions and Perspectives | 5 |
| | Digital Library Frameworks | 8 |
| | Evolution of Digital Libraries | 10 |
| | Prelude: Early Visionaries and the Pre-1990s Era | 10 |
| | The Formative Years: 1991-2001 | 13 |
| | Building the Content and Opening Access: 2000s | 21 |
| | Large-Scale Digital Libraries: 2010-- | 23 |
| | References | 30 |
| ch. 2 | Digital Library Collection Development | 37 |
| | Collection Development Introduction | 37 |
| | History | 37 |
| | Definitions | 38 |
| | Digital Collection Development Policy | 39 |
| | Collection Development Policy | 39 |
| | Collection Development Criteria | 40 |
| | Collection Assessment | 43 |
| | Legal Issues in Collection Development | 43 |
| | Copyright Protection | 43 |
| | Exemptions for Libraries and Archives | 45 |
| | The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) | 46 |
| | Fair Use | 47 |
| | Copyright Infringement and Fair Use Cases | 48 |
| | Collection Sharing and Large-Scale Digital Libraries | 50 |
| | Collection Development in Consortia and Large-Scale Digital Libraries | 50 |
| | Large-Scale Digitization Projects and Collection Development Policy | 52 |
| | Challenges of Collection Development | 53 |
| | Legal Challenges | 53 |
| | Other Important Challenges | 54 |
| | References | 55 |
| ch. 3 | Digitization of Text and Still Images | 59 |
| | Introduction to Digitization | 59 |
| | Rationale and Strategies for Undertaking Digitization | 60 |
| | Why Digitize: Access and Preservation | 61 |
| | Digitization Strategies and Sustainability | 64 |
| | Digitization Process | 65 |
| | Digitization Steps | 66 |
| | General Digitization Guidelines | 68 |
| | Digitization of Textual and Static Visual Resources | 71 |
| | Technical Factors | 72 |
| | Digitization Equipment | 76 |
| | Recommendations for Digital Capture of Text and Photographic Images | 81 |
| | Rapid Digitization | 85 |
| | References | 89 |
| ch. 4 | Digitization of Audio and Moving Image Collections | 95 |
| | Introduction to Digitization of Audiovisual Resources | 95 |
| | State of Audio and Moving Image Collections | 97 |
| | Preservation Crisis: Obsolescence and Deterioration | 99 |
| | Audio Digitization | 104 |
| | Technical Factors | 105 |
| | Audio Digitization Process | 106 |
| | Equipment | 109 |
| | Recommendations for Audio Digitization | 110 |
| | Moving Image Digitization | 112 |
| | Moving Image Types | 115 |
| | Digitization Process and Equipment | 116 |
| | Technical Factors and Recommended Specifications | 119 |
| | Encoding and File Formats | 120 |
| | Summary of Recommendations for Video Digitization | 121 |
| | References | 124 |
| ch. 5 | Metadata | 129 |
| | Metadata Overview | 129 |
| | Definitions, Standards, and History | 129 |
| | Functions and Types of Metadata | 131 |
| | Metadata Schemas | 133 |
| | Dublin Core | 133 |
| | Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) | 136 |
| | Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) | 136 |
| | Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) | 138 |
| | Encoded Archival Description (EAD) | 139 |
| | Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core | 140 |
| | Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA) | 140 |
| | Interoperability: Metadata Mapping and Harvesting | 141 |
| | Designing and Implementing Metadata | 143 |
| | Selecting a Schema | 145 |
| | Metadata Application Profiles | 147 |
| | Controlled Vocabularies | 151 |
| | Building Metadata Records | 153 |
| | User Tagging | 155 |
| | Linked Data | 157 |
| | Linked Data Model and Technologies | 159 |
| | Linked Data and Digital Libraries | 163 |
| | References | 165 |
| ch. 6 | Digital Library Management Systems | 171 |
| | Introduction | 171 |
| | Design and Architecture of Digital Library Systems | 172 |
| | Architectural Models | 173 |
| | Functionality and Other System Requirements | 176 |
| | Interoperability | 179 |
| | Current Landscape of DLMS | 181 |
| | Open Source versus Proprietary Software | 182 |
| | Open Source Systems | 184 |
| | Proprietary Systems | 187 |
| | Open Source Repository Systems | 193 |
| | Selection of DLMS | 198 |
| | References | 200 |
| ch. 7 | Interface Design and Evaluation | 205 |
| | Foundations for Interface Design and Design Principles | 205 |
| | Foundations for Interface Design | 205 |
| | Design Principles | 205 |
| | Iterative Design | 206 |
| | Design and Customization of User Interface | 207 |
| | Conceptual Design: Identification of Users' Unique Needs | 207 |
| | Prototype Design | 208 |
| | Interface Design: Configurations | 211 |
| | Customized Design and Visual Tools | 212 |
| | Usability Testing | 215 |
| | Usability Testing: Criteria and Approaches | 217 |
| | Usability Testing: Specific Digital Libraries and Specific Users | 218 |
| | User Perspective and Organizational Usability | 219 |
| | Help Design | 220 |
| | Interface Design for People With Disabilities | 223 |
| | References | 225 |
| ch. 8 | User Needs and Search Behaviors | 231 |
| | Types of Users and Their use of Digital Libraries | 231 |
| | Children and Digital Libraries | 231 |
| | College Students and Digital Libraries | 232 |
| | Elderly People, People with Disabilities, and Digital Libraries | 234 |
| | Characteristics of Information Search Behaviors | 236 |
| | Information Search Tactics | 237 |
| | Information Search Strategies | 238 |
| | Usage Patterns | 239 |
| | User Involvement and System Support | 241 |
| | Previous Research | 241 |
| | An in-Depth Look at User Involvement and System Support in Digital Libraries | 242 |
| | Factors Affecting Digital Library Use | 243 |
| | User Personal Infrastructure | 243 |
| | Types of Information-Search Tasks | 245 |
| | System Design | 246 |
| | References | 247 |
| ch. 9 | Digital Preservation | 255 |
| | Introduction | 255 |
| | Defining Digital Preservation | 257 |
| | Terminology: Digital Curation, Digital Stewardship, and Digital Preservation | 257 |
| | Definitions of Digital Preservation in the Practice Community | 258 |
| | Understanding Digital Preservation in the Context of Digital Libraries | 259 |
| | Preserving Digital Content | 261 |
| | Digital Preservation Challenges | 262 |
| | Digital Preservation Goals | 265 |
| | Digital Preservation Strategies | 266 |
| | Digital Preservation in Digital Library Practice | 267 |
| | Practical Guidelines | 268 |
| | Digital Preservation Technology: Standards and Repositories | 269 |
| | Standards | 270 |
| | Digital Repositories | 272 |
| | Preservation Repository Software | 273 |
| | Partnerships and Hosted Services | 274 |
| | References | 276 |
| ch. 10 | Evaluation of Digital Libraries | 281 |
| | The Need for Digital Library Evaluation | 281 |
| | Evaluation Frameworks | 282 |
| | Evaluation Methods | 285 |
| | Digital Library Evaluation Methods | 285 |
| | Multifaceted Evaluation of Digital Libraries (MEDaL): Study Methodology | 287 |
| | Evaluation Objectives and Phases | 289 |
| | Evaluation Objectives | 289 |
| | Evaluation Phases | 289 |
| | Evaluation Dimensions and Their Importance | 290 |
| | Evaluation Dimensions | 290 |
| | Importance of Digital Library Evaluation Dimensions in the MEDaL Study | 291 |
| | Evaluation Criteria and Their Importance | 291 |
| | Evaluation Criteria | 291 |
| | Importance of Digital Library Evaluation Criteria in the MEDaL Study | 294 |
| | Evaluation Measurements | 301 |
| | Digital Library Evaluation Measurements | 301 |
| | Appropriateness of Measurements in the MEDaL Study | 303 |
| | Factors Hindering Digital Library Evaluation | 312 |
| | Evaluation Challenges | 313 |
| | References | 315 |
| ch. 11 | New Developments and Challenges | 319 |
| | Social Media Applications and the Impact on Digital Libraries | 319 |
| | Definitions of Social Media Tools | 319 |
| | Social Media Applications in Digital Libraries | 319 |
| | Functions of Social Media in Digital Libraries | 322 |
| | Large-Scale Digital Libraries | 324 |
| | Characteristics of Large-Scale Digital Libraries | 324 |
| | Challenges and Problems | 325 |
| | Multilingual Digital Libraries | 325 |
| | The Need for Multilingual Digital Libraries | 325 |
| | Multilingual Digital Libraries: User Studies | 326 |
| | Multilingual Digital Library Language Search Functions | 328 |
| | Digital/Data Curation | 330 |
| | Digital/Data Curation Definitions | 330 |
| | Digital/Data Curation Process and Issues | 330 |
| | Challenges and Problems | 332 |
| | Challenges and Problems of Digital Libraries | 333 |
| | References | 335 |
| APPENDIX A | Digitization Guides, Standards, and Best Practices | 341 |
| | Association for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS). (2013): Minimum Digitization Capture Recommendations (http://www.ala.org/alcts/resources/preserv/minimum-digitization-capture-recommendations) | 341 |
| | Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines Initiative (FADGI). (2010): The Technical Guidelines for Digitizing Cultural Heritage Materials: Creation of Raster Image Master Files (http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/guidelines/FADGI_Still_Image-Tech_Guidelines_2010-08-24.pdf) | 341 |
| | A Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections. 3rd Edition (2007): NISO Framework Advisory Group (http://www.niso.org/publications/rp/framework3.pdf) | 341 |
| | The NINCH Guide to Good Practice in the Digital Representation and Management of Cultural Heritage Materials. (2002): The National Initiative for a Networked Cultural Heritage (NINCH) (http://www.nyu.edu/its/humanities/ninchguide/) | 342 |
| | Institutional guidelines | 342 |
| | BCR: Bibliographical Center for Research (2008). BCR's CDP Digital Imaging Best Practices. (2008): Updated Version of Western States Digital Imaging Best Practices (http://mwdl.org/docs/digital-imaging-bp_2.0.pdf) | 342 |
| | California Digital Library (CDL). (2011): CDL Guidelines for Digital Images. Version 2.0 (http://www.cdlib.org/services/access_publishing/dsc/contribute/docs/cdl_gdi_v2.pdf) | 342 |
| | CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois. (2009; 2013): CARLI Guidelines for the Creation of Digital Collections: Digitization Best Practices for Images (http://www.carli.illinois.edu/sites/files/digital_collections/documentation/guidelines_for_images.pdf) | 343 |
| | CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (2009; 2013): CARLI Guidelines for the Creation of Digital Collections: Digitization Best Practices for Text (http://www.carli.illinois.edu/sites/files/digital_collections/documentation/guidelines_for_text.pdf) | 343 |
| | CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois. (2009; revised 2013): CARLI Guidelines for the Creation of Digital Collections: Digitization Best Practices for Audio (http://www.carli.illinois.edu/sites/files/digital_collections/documentation/guidelines_for_audio.pdf) | 343 |
| | CARLI: Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois. (2010; revised 2013):CARLI Guidelines for the Creation of Digital Collections: Digitization Best Practices for Moving Images (http://www.carli.illinois.edu/sites/files/digital_collections/documentation/guidelines_for_video.pdf) | 344 |
| | Yale University. (2010): Digitization Shared Practices---Still Images Version 1.0 (http://www.yale.edu/digitalcoffee/downloads/DigitalCoffee_Error! Hyperlink reference not valid) | 344 |
| APPENDIX B | Examples of Metadata Schemas Reviewed in Chapter 5 | 345 |
| | Subject Index | 355 |
