Chinyanja

Chinyanja chicheŵa, chewa nyanja
Klassifisering	Niger-kongo  Atlantisk   Volta-kongo    Benue-kongo     Bantu      Sørlege       Eigentlege bantu        Sentrale         Nordlege          Chichewa
Bruk
Tala i	Malawi Mosambik Zambia Zimbabwe
Chinyanjatalande i alt	9,3 millionar
Språkkodar
ISO 639-1	ny
ISO 639-2	nya
ISO 639-3	nya
Wikipedia på chinyanja

Chinyanja eller chichewa er eit sørleg bantuspråk som har rundt 9,3 millionar talarar. Det er offisielt språk i Malawi og blir også snakka i Mosambik og delvis i Zambia og Zimbabwe. Chinyanja er det mest utbreidde språket i Malawi, der det særleg blir tala i sentrale og sørlege område.

Nominalklassen chi- blir brukt som forstaving for språk. I Malawi blei namnet på språket offisielt endra frå «chinyanja» til «chichewa» i 1968 på ordre frå president Hastings Kamuzu Banda (som var av chewafolket), og dette er framleis det vanlegaste namnet brukt i Malawi i dag. I Zambia er språket vanlegvis kjend som nyanja eller «cinyanja»/«chinyanja» '[språket] frå sjøen', som viser til Malawisjøen). Språknamnet blir skrive «cinianja» i Mosambik.

Chinyanja er eit bantuspråk i sone N (N31).

Fonologi

Vokalar

Chewa har fire vokallydar, /a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u/. Desse blir skrivne a, e, i, o, u.

Ein mann som snakkar ein zambisk variant av chinyanja.

Konsonantar

Konsonantar i chinyanja kan vera enkle (dvs. følgd av ein vokal), labialiserte (følgd av w) eller palataliserte (følgd av eller kombinert med y):

• ba, kha, ga, fa, ma, sa etc.
• bwa, khwa, gwa, fwa, mwa, swa etc.
• bza, khya, ja, fya, nya, sha etc.

Ortografi

Chinyanja blir skrive med litt ulik ortografi i Mosambik og dei andre landa. Ortografien bruker det latinske alfabetet, med ein tilleggsbokstav, ŵ, som blir brukt for bilabial frikativ.

Kjelder

• Denne artikkelen bygger på «Chewa language» frå Wikipedia på engelsk, den 14. april 2020.

• Atkins, Guy (1950) "Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 20, No. 3
• Batteen, C. (2005). "Syntactic Constraints in Chichewa/English code-switching." Arkivert 2016-03-04 ved Wayback Machine.
• Corbett, G.G.; Al D. Mtenje (1987) "Gender Agreement in Chichewa". Studies in African Linguistics Vol 18, No. 1.
• Downing, Laura J.; Al D. Mtenje (2017). The Phonology of Chichewa. Oxford University Press.
• Goodson, Andrew, (2011). Salimini's Chichewa In Paas, Steven (2011). Johannes Rebmann: A Servant of God in Africa before the Rise of Western Colonialism, pp. 239–50.
• Gray, Andrew; Lubasi, Brighton; Bwalya, Phallen (2013). Town Nyanja: a learner's guide to Zambia's emerging national language. 
• Hetherwick, Alexander (1907). A Practical Manual of the Nyanja Language ... Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Henta 25 August 2012. 
• Henry, George, (1904). A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa.
• Hullquist, C.G. (1988). Simply Chichewa.
• Hyman, Larry M. & Sam Mchombo (1992). "Morphotactic Constraints in the Chichewa Verb Stem". Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on The Place of Morphology in a Grammar (1992), pp. 350–364.
• Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999a). "Prosodic Morphology and tone: the case of Chichewa" in René Kager, Harry van der Hulst and Wim Zonneveld (eds.) The Prosody-Morphology Interface. Cambridge University Press, 90-133.
• Hyman, Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999b). "Non-Etymological High Tones in the Chichewa Verb", Malilime: The Malawian Journal of Linguistics no.1.
• Katsonga-Woodward, Heather (2012). Chichewa 101. ISBN 978-1480112056.
• Kanerva, Jonni M. (1990). Focus and Phrasing in Chichewa Phonology. New York, Garland.
• Kishindo, Pascal, (2001). "Authority in Language": The Role of the Chichewa Board (1972-1995) in Prescription and Standardization of Chichewa. Journal of Asian and African Studies, No. 62.
• Kiso, Andrea (2012). "Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena". Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
• Kunkeyani, Thokozani (2007). "Semantic Classification and Chichewa Derived Nouns". SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics Vol.15 (2007): 151-157.
• Laws, Robert (1894). An English–Nyanja dictionary of the Nyanja language spoken in British Central Africa. J. Thin. s. 1–. Henta 25 August 2012. 
• Lehmann, Dorothea (1977) An outline of Cinyanja Grammar. Zambia ISBN 9789982240154
• Mapanje, John Alfred Clement (1983). "On the Interpretation of Aspect and Tense in Chiyao, Chichewa, and English". University College London PhD Thesis.
• Marwick, M.G., (1963). "History and Tradition in East Central Africa Through the Eyes of the Northern Rhodesian Cheŵa", Journal of African History, 4, 3, pp. 375–390.
• Marwick, M.G., (1964). "An Ethnographic Classic Brought to Light" Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 46–56.
• Maxson, Nathaniel (2011). Chicheŵa for English Speakers: A New and Simplifed Approach. ISBN 978-99908-979-0-6.
• Mchombo, Sam A. (2004), The Syntax of Chichewa, Cambridge Syntax Guides, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, s. XV + 149, ISBN 0-521-57378-5, henta June 11, 2019 
• Mchombo, S. (2006). "Nyanja". In The Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (Elsevier).
• Missionários da Companhia de Jesus, (1963). Dicionário Cinyanja–Português. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.
• Mtanthauziramawu wa Chinyanja/Chichewa: The first Chinyanja/Chichewa monolingual dictionary (c.2000). Blantyre (Malawi): Dzuka Pub. Co. (Also published online at the website of the "Centre for Language Studies of the University of Malawi".)
• Mtenje, Al D. (1986). Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa part 1. Issues in the Non-Linear Phonology of Chichewa part 2. PhD Thesis, University College, London.
• Mtenje, Al D. (1987). "Tone Shift Principles in the Chichewa Verb: A Case for a Tone Lexicon", Lingua 72, 169-207.
• Newitt, M.D.D. (1982) "The Early History of the Maravi". The Journal of African History, vol 23, no. 2, pp. 145–162.
• Paas, Steven, (2016). Oxford Chichewa–English, English–Chichewa Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
• Rebman, John (= Johannes Rebmann), (1877). A Dictionary of the Kiniassa Language. Church Missionary Society (reprinted Gregg, 1968).
• Riddel, Alexander (1880). A Grammar of the Chinyanja Language as Spoken at Lake Nyassa: With Chinyanja–English and English–Chinyanja Vocabularies. J. Maclaren & Son. Henta 25 August 2012. 
• Salaun, N. (1993) [1978]. Chicheŵa Intensive Course. Likuni Press, Lilongwe.
• Scott, David Clement & Alexander Hetherwick (1929). Dictionary of the Nyanja Language.
• Scotton, Carol Myers & Gregory John Orr, (1980). Learning Chichewa, Bk 1. Learning Chichewa, Bk 2. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series. Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. (For recordings, see External links below.)
• Simango, Silvester Ron (2000). "'My Madam is Fine': The Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, vol 12, no. 6.
• Stevick, Earl et al. (1965). Chinyanja Basic Course. Foreign Service Institute, Washington, D.C. (Recordings of this are available on the internet.)
• Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2005). "Mark Hanna Watkins". Histories of Anthropology Annual, vol 1, pp. 181–218.
• Watkins, Mark Hanna (1937). A Grammar of Chichewa: A Bantu Language of British Central Africa, Language, Vol. 13, No. 2, Language Dissertation No. 24 (Apr.-Jun., 1937), pp. 5–158.
• Woodward, M.E., (1895). A vocabulary of English–Chinyanja and Chinyanja–English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

Bakgrunnsstoff

Wikipedia på chinyanja

• PanAfrLoc om Chichewa
• Menneskerettserklæringa på chinyanja

Litteratur

• Paas, Steven, 2012. 3. utg. Dictionary / Mtanthauziramawu. English – Chichewa / Chinyanja // Chichewa / Chinyanja – English. VTR Publications. ISBN 978-3-941750-87-6
• Mchombo, Sam, 2004. The Syntax of Chichewa. Cambridge Syntax Guides
• Hetherwick, Alexander (1907). A Practical Manual of the Nyanja Language ... Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Henta 25 August 2012. 
• Henry, George, 1904. A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa.
• Laws, Robert (1894). An English-Nyanja dictionary of the Nyanja language spoken in British Central Africa. J. Thin. s. 1–. Henta 25 August 2012. 
• Rebman, John; Church Missionary Society (1877). Dictionary of the Kiniassa language. Gregg. s. 65–. Henta 25 August 2012. 
• Riddel, Alexander (1880). A Grammar of the Chinyanja Language as Spoken at Lake Nyassa: With Chinyanja-English and English-Chinyanja Vocabularies. J. Maclaren & Son. Henta 25 August 2012. 
• Woodward, M. E., 1895. A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
• Missionários da Companhia de Jesus 1963. Dicionário Cinyanja-Português. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.
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