true and false (commands)

true

Initial release	January 1979 (1979-01)
Operating system	Unix and Unix-like
Platform	Cross-platform
Type	Command

In Unix-like operating systems, true and false are commands whose only function is to always return with a predetermined exit status. Programmers and scripts often use the exit status of a command to assess success (exit status zero) or failure (non-zero) of the command. The true and false commands represent the logical values of command success, because true returns 0, and false returns 1.

Usage

The commands are usually employed in conditional statements and loops of shell scripts. For example, the following shell script repeats the echo hello loop until interrupted:

while true
do
  echo hello
done

The commands can be used to ignore the success or failure of a sequence of other commands, as in the example:

make … && false

Setting a user's login shell to false, in /etc/passwd, effectively denies them access to an interactive shell, but their account may still be valid for other services, such as FTP. (Although /sbin/nologin, if available, may be more fitting for this purpose, as it prints a notification before terminating the session.)

The programs take no "actual" parameters; in the GNU version, the standard parameter --help displays a usage summary and --version displays the program version.

Null command

The true command is sometimes substituted with the very similar null command, written as a single colon (:). The null command is built into the shell, and may therefore be more efficient if true is an external program (true is usually a shell built in function). We can rewrite the upper example using : instead of true:

while :
do
  echo hello
done

The null command may take parameters, which are ignored. It is also used as a no-op dummy command for side-effects such as assigning default values to shell variables through the ${parameter:=word} parameter expansion form. For example, from bashbug, the bug-reporting script for Bash:

 : ${TMPDIR:=/tmp}
 : ${EDITOR=$DEFEDITOR}
 : ${USER=${LOGNAME-`whoami`}}

See also

• List of Unix commands
• Two-valued logic
• IEFBR14

External links

• true: return true value – Shell and Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 4 from The Open Group
• false: return false value – Shell and Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Version 4 from The Open Group

Manual pages

• true(1): Do nothing, successfully – GNU Coreutils reference
• false(1): Do nothing, unsuccessfully – GNU Coreutils reference
• true(1): Return true value – FreeBSD manual page
• false(1): Return false value – FreeBSD manual page