Trimarcisia
Trimarcisia (Ancient Greek: τριμαρκισία, trimarkisia), i. e., "feat of three horsemen",[1] was an ancient Celtic military cavalry tactic or organisation;[2] it is attested in Pausanias' Description of Greece, in which he described the use of trimarcisia by the Gauls during their invasion of Greece in the third century BCE.[3][4][5]
According to Pausanias:
When the Gallic horsemen were engaged, the servants remained behind the ranks and proved useful in the following way. Should a horseman or his horse fall, the slave brought him a horse to mount; if the rider was killed, the slave mounted the horse in his master's place; if both rider and horse were killed, there was a mounted man ready. When a rider was wounded, one slave brought back to camp the wounded man, while the other took his vacant place in the ranks.
Pausanias' view was that the Gauls had adopted this method of fighting by copying the Persian Athanatoi elite force with the difference that while the Persians waited until after a battle was over to replace casualties, the Gauls "kept reinforcing their full number during the height of the action".[3]
Etymology
According to Pausanias, marka was the Celtic name for a horse.[3] This corresponds to the root *mark-os of words for "saddle horse" attested in Celtic and Germanic but not in other Indo-European languages, a root that is of uncertain etymology.[6]
References
- ^ Dáithí Ó Hógáin (2003) [2002]. The Celts: A History. The Collins Press, The Boydell Press. p. 53. ISBN 9780851159232.
- ^ "Trimarcisia". Perseus Encyclopedia. Perseus Project.
- ^ a b c Pausanias (1918). "10.19.10-11". Description of Greece in 4 volumes. W.H.S. Jones, H.A. Ormerod (translators). Cambridge, MA, London: Harvard University Press, William Heinemann Ltd. Available online at the Perseus Project.
- ^ P. A. L. Greenhalgh (1973). Early Greek warfare: Horsemen and chariots in the Homeric and Archaic Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780521200561.
- ^ Green, Miranda, ed. (1995). "Chapter 4, Celtic Horsemanship". The Celtic World. Routledge. ISBN 9781135632434.
- ^ Tristram, Hildegard L. C., ed. (2007). The Celtic Languages in Contact. Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Conference of Celtic Studies. Bonn, 26–27 July 2007. Potsdam University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9783940793072.