Smoking in Russia

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Smoking in Russia includes the use of tobacco in Russia and its predecessor states, as well as tobacco farming, the tobacco and cigarette industries, impact on health, and government regulation. English merchants introduced tobacco to Russia in the 1560s.

Tsarist Russia to 1918

English merchants introduced tobacco to Russia in the 1560s. In 1634 the patriarch of Russia condemned smoking and snuff as a mortal sin, and the Tsar criminalized its use. Offenders risked whippings and nose slitting, or even the death penalty. The ban was not well enforced; Tobacco steadily became more popular in elite circles. In the 1690s Peter the Great reversed course, allowed usage, and sold monopoly rights to an English company to import and sell Virginia tobacco.[1] The imperial court now hailed smoking as a welcome sign of development and Westernization.

Russians smoked the papirosa, a hollow cardboard tube, extended by a thin paper tube which the user fills with tobacco.[2] The cardboard tube acts as a holder. Tobacco consumption expanded thanks to the reforms of Tsar Alexander II in the 1860s and 1870s, especially the emancipation of the serfs and the modernization of the military. Thereby tobacco went from a minor product of occasional use to become a mainstay of Russian identity by 1914, when the average urban male smoked a pack of papirosa a day. This happened despite the hostility of the established church, which taught that smoking contradicted Russian Orthodox traditions.[3][4] Peasants in Ukraine grew tobacco on their small plots. Very harsh working conditions for the women and children who worked in the papirosa factories sparked labor unrest in 1905 and 1917.[5]

Soviet Union 1918-1991

Although the Soviet Communist regime condemned tobacco, smoking continued to grow and spread in the country. More women took up smoking. The unique style of papirosa smoking flourished and had broad cultural, social, and gendered consequences.[6] According to Tricia A. Starks, the Soviet Union in the 1920s launched an antismoking campaign carried out by the Communist party on a national scale. It was led by Nikolai Semashko in his role as Commissar of Public Health. The program sought with little success to reduce tobacco cultivation and production. However it did launch an intense propaganda attack against tobacco. The campaign was highly innovative in its approach to antismoking propaganda and treatment programs. These initiatives involved the mass distribution of antismoking materials such as posters, pamphlets, articles, plays, and films, alongside the implementation of special state-sponsored smoking cessation programs that claimed high success rates.[7]

Recent history

The Communist system made sure the cigarette supply was adequate. By 1990 it verged on collapse as the economy faltered, with growing shortages of food and essentials. In 1990, there was a summer-long cigarette shortage that led to public outrage and protests in major cities. In Moscow, the city council decided to ration cigarette purchases to half a pack of cigarettes per day. The shortage was caused when half the Russian cigarette factories closed for repair, and imports from Bulgaria plunged. President Gorbachev pleaded with Washington for help, and the largest American tobacco companies hurriedly made plans to ship 34 billion cigarettes to Russia, at a dollar a pack.[8][9] [10] The crisis eased and a new opportunity emerged. As Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe and the USSR, 1989-1991, Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds and Reemtsma (the main German firm) moved in and bought out 75% of the old tobacco industry. Marlboro and the other Western brands replaced the old papirosa, with a plentiful supply and massive advertising. They were welcomed as "liberators."[11]

Per-capita smoking rates in Russia rank among the highest globally, making it a prized market for tobacco companies facing declining growth in the heavily regulated Western world. Statistics in 2012 showed Russia had the highest rate of smoking of any major country. It was the fourth-largest consumer of cigarettes, trailing only China, the U.S., and Japan, with an annual consumption of about 400 billion cigarettes, and this number continues to rise. About 44 million Russians are smokers, or 40 percent of the population, including 60 percent of men and 22 percent of women. The rate among women in 2001 had been only 16 percent. According to Public Chamber of Russia, an oversight agency, smoking kills around 400,000 Russians each year, a number comparable to the United States which has twice the population. These smoking-related deaths cost the Russian economy about three percent of its annual GDP, amounting to $36 billion.[12]

In 2013 the government imposed bans on smoking in public places.[13] According to the World Health Organization, per-capita smoking in Russia fell 20% from 2000 to 2020. see Prevalence of tobacco use#Countries.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ O. J. Frederiksen, "Virginia Tobacco in Russia under Peter the Great" Slavonic and East European Review. American Series 2#1 (1943) pp. 40–56.
  2. ^ See illustrations of papirosa.
  3. ^ Tricia Starks, Smoking under the Tsars: A History of Tobacco in Imperial Russia (Cornell University Press, 2018) pp. 5–8, 16, 164–165.
  4. ^ Jordan Goodman, Tobacco in History and Culture (2005) 1:138–139.
  5. ^ Starks, Smoking under the Tsars, pp 55-59.
  6. ^ Tricia Starks, Cigarettes and Soviets: Smoking in the USSR (2022).
  7. ^ Tricia A. Starks, "A revolutionary attack on tobacco: Bolshevik antismoking campaigns in the 1920s." American Journal of Public Health 107.11 (2017): 1711-1717.
  8. ^ "Angry smokers block traffic in Moscow" Tampa Bay Times August 23, 1990 online
  9. ^ "In Moscow, Cigarette Addicts Will Get Just Half Pack a Day" New York Times Aug. 29, 1990.
  10. ^ Anthony Ramirez, "Two U.S. Companies Plan to Sell Soviets 34 Billion Cigarettes" New York Times Sept. 14, 1990.
  11. ^ James Rupert, and Glen Frankel, "In ex-Soviet markets, U.S. brands took on role of capitalist liberator" Washington Post (19 November 1996)
  12. ^ Roman Anin and Roman Shleynov, "Moscow's Open, Revolving Door for Big Tobacco: In Russia: High death rates, weak laws, and a powerful lobby," International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, ICIJ: Stories that Rock the World (March 16, 2012) online
  13. ^ see EuroNews June 1, 2013 at Russia imposes bans on smoking in public places, 2013.
  14. ^ "Estimates of current tobacco use prevalence (%) {age-standardized rate)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2 June 2022.

Further reading

  • Corti, Count. A history of smoking (Bracken 1996 reprint; 1931) online
  • Frederiksen, O. J. "Virginia Tobacco in Russia under Peter the Great." Slavonic and East European Review. American Series 2#1 (1943), pp. 40–56. online
  • Gately, Iain. Tobacco: a cultural history of how an exotic plant seduced civilization (Open Road+ Grove/Atlantic, 2007) online.
  • Gilmore, Anna B., and Martin McKee. "Moving East: how the transnational tobacco industry gained entry to the emerging markets of the former Soviet Union—part I: establishing cigarette imports." Tobacco control 13.2 (2004): 143-150. online
  • Gedvilaitė, Vaida, et al. "Lung Cancer in Lithuania." Journal of Thoracic Oncology 15.9 (2020): 1401–1405.
  • Goodman, Jordan, ed. Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia (2 vol, Gale, 2005) ISBN 0-684-31405-3
  • Lillard, Dean R., and Z. L. A. T. A. Dorofeeva. "Smoking in Russia and Ukraine before, during, and after the Soviet Union." in Life-course smoking behavior: Patterns and National Context in ten countries (2015): 117–140.
  • Romaniello, Matthew P., and Tricia Starks, eds. Tobacco in Russian History and Culture From the Seventeenth Century to the Present (2011) online
  • Rupert, James, and Glen Frankel. "In ex-Soviet markets, US brands took on role of capitalist liberator." Washington Post (19 November 1996)
  • Shkolnikov, Vladimir M.; et al. "Time trends in smoking in Russia in the light of recent tobacco control measures: synthesis of evidence from multiple sources". BMC Public Health (2020). 20:378. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08464-4. PMC 7092419. PMID 32293365.
  • Sinelnikov, Leonid. Smoke and Mirrors: From the Soviet Union to Russia, the Pipedream Meets Reality (Unicorn Publishing, 2020).
  • Starks, Tricia. Smoking under the Tsars: A History of Tobacco in Imperial Russia (Cornell University Press, 2018) online.
  • Starks, Tricia. Cigarettes and Soviets: Smoking in the USSR (Cornell University Press, 2022). online
  • Starks, Tricia. "Tobacco Product Design, Marketing, and Smoking in the USSR." in Consumption and Advertising in Eastern Europe and Russia in the Twentieth Century (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) pp. 243–264.
  • Starks, Tricia. "Red Star/Black Lungs: Anti-Tobacco Campaigns in Twentieth-Century Russia," Journal of the Social History of Alcohol and Drugs 21:1 (2006): 50–68.
  • Starks, Tricia A. "A revolutionary attack on tobacco: Bolshevik antismoking campaigns in the 1920s." American journal of public health 107.11 (2017): 1711–1717. online doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.304048
  • Žvirblys, Atas. "The Oldest clay tobacco pipes from Vilnius, Lithuania: the interpretation of origin, chronology and social context." Eesti Arheoloogia Ajakiri 25.2 (2021): 93–112. online
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