Teck Resources

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Teck Resources Limited
Company typePublic
NYSE: TECK
TSX: TECK.A, TECK.B
S&P/TSX 60 component
IndustryMetals and Mining
Founded1906; 118 years ago (1906) as Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada
Headquarters
Vancouver, British Columbia
,
Canada
Key people
  • Norman B. Keevil, Chair
  • Jonathan H. Price, CEO
  • Harry “Red” M. Conger, President, COO
ProductsCoal, Zinc, Copper
Revenue
  • Increase C$12.6 billion (2018)
  • Increase C$3.11 billion (2018)
Total assets
  • Increase C$39.6 billion (2018)
Total equity
  • Increase C$23.0 billion (2018)
Number of employees
10,700 (2018)
Divisions
  • Teck Metals Ltd. (Vancouver)
  • Teck Cominco Peru S.A. (Lima)
  • Minera Torre de Oro, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico)
Websitewww.teck.com
Footnotes / references
Teck 2018 Annual Report[1]: 10, 35, 41 

Teck Resources Limited, known as Teck Cominco until late 2008, is a diversified natural resources company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, that is engaged in mining and mineral development, including coal for the steelmaking industry, copper, zinc, and energy. Secondary products include lead, silver, gold, molybdenum, germanium, indium and cadmium.[2] Teck Resources was formed from the amalgamation of Teck and Cominco in 2001.[3]

In 2018, Teck Resources opened the C$17 billion Fort Hills oil sands project.[4] In 2020, Teck abandoned plans for a second, larger C$20 billion open-pit petroleum-mine proposal—Frontier Mine—25 km (16 mi) south of Wood Buffalo National Park and north of Fort McMurray in northeast Alberta.[5][4]

In 2020, a number of new executives were appointed to the company: Harry Conger as chief operating officer, Jonathan Price as chief financial officer, and Nicholas Hooper as senior vice president, corporate development.[6]

Overview

According to the company's 2018 annual report, the Vancouver-headquartered Teck Resources is a "diversified resource company" that focuses on "steelmaking coal, copper, zinc and energy",[1]: 1  with ownership or interests in thirteen "operating mines, a large metallurgical complex, and several major development projects in the Americas."[1]: 1  As of 2016, 44% of revenue was from steel-making coal, 34% of revenue was from zinc, and the remaining 21% was from copper.[7] In Alberta, Teck has one operational oil sands project at Fort Hills—a C$17.0 billion project.[4] Teck's application to develop a second larger C$20.0 billion open-pit petroleum mine—Frontier Mine—near Wood Buffalo National Park and north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, was withdrawn by the company in 2020.[5][4][8] With its massive size—292 km2 (113 sq mi)—it may have been among the "largest oil sands mines ever proposed in Alberta."[9] Teck's board members include Chairman, Dominic Barton, President and CEO, Donald R. Lindsay, CFO, Jonathan H. Price, and Chairman Emeritus, Norman B. Keevil.[a][1]: 6  In 2018, Teck had 10,700 employees worldwide.[1]: 10  The net revenue in 2018 increased to a record high of C$12.6 billion.[1]: 37  Teck credits this increase to "higher steelmaking coal and copper prices" as well as the "sale of blended bitumen from our Fort Hills oil sands mine".[1]: 37 

Corporate history

The Teck Cominco Lead-Zinc Smelter operation in Trail, British Columbia has its roots in the late 19th century. The smelter has been in operation for over a century.

Cominco (1906-)

Cominco started in 1906 as The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, formed by the amalgamation of several units controlled by the Canadian Pacific Railway.[10] CM&S, or "Smelters" as it was often called by investors, changed its name to Cominco in 1966. Cominco's core Sullivan Mine in Kimberley, British Columbia which began production of lead, zinc, silver and tin in 1909, would operate for more than 90 years until its ore reserves exhausted in 2001.

Teck-Hughes (1913- )

Teck-Hughes Gold Mines Limited was established in 1913 in Ontario, following the discovery of gold in 1912 by prospectors Sandy McIntyre and James Hughes, in Teck Township—now known as Kirkland Lake.[11][12][13] An American group of investors led by Charles Land Denison, including International Nickel Company (INCo)'s Ashton W. Johnston, acquired two thirds of Teck-Hughes' shares. It was Ontario's first gold mine in commercial production. When the ore was exhausted in the 1960s, after 50 years of production, it had produced 3.7 million ounces of gold worth C$104 million.[13]: 14 [14] The Beaverdell Mine, purchased by Teck in 1969, went back even further to 1898, and produced silver until 1991. Norman B. Keevil (b.1910 in Pike Lake, Saskatchewan) a mining entrepreneur with a background in geophysics, acquired Teck-Hughes in the 1960s.[13]: 20  In 1963, his son, geoscientist Norman Keevil Jr., then 25-years old, became vice-president of exploration at Teck.[15] Keevil Jr. was named Mining Man of the Year in 1979 for having presided over a series of mine constructions in the 1970s. From 1979 to 2015, Keevil oversaw Teck's major mining projects including Hemlo, Voisey's Bay and Antamina.[15] Over the same time period, Teck became "one of the world's largest producers of metallurgical coal."[15] In 2012, as Chairman of Teck Resources Limited, Keevil Jr. was named as the Entrepreneur Of The Year for his significant contributions to British Columbia.

Teck Cominco

Teck Cominco logo before 2008 rebranding

The association between Teck and Cominco began in 1986, when Teck and two industry partners acquired a shareholding from CP Limited, and culminated with the merging of the two companies in July 2001.

On May 8, 2006, Teck Cominco offered to purchase Inco for $US16 billion, but CVRD eventually purchased it for $US17 billion.

On July 29, 2008, Teck Cominco announced an agreement with Fording Canadian Coal Trust, which owned a 60% stake in the Elk Valley Coal Partnership, to purchase 100% of its assets. Teck Cominco had been the minority owner of the Elk Valley Coal Partnership, with a 40% stake. The facilities are located near Fernie, British Columbia. The purchase was closed on October 30, 2008, with a final cost of $US14 billion.[16][b] Elk Valley Coal Corporation was renamed Teck Coal Limited. The purchase resulted in Teck taking on US$9.8 billion in debt;[16] the company suspended dividends, cut spending, and sold some assets to save money.[17] On January 9, 2009, the company also announced a plan to cut 13% of their total workforce, amounting to 1,400 jobs, saving the company US$85 million.[16] Coal production targets were also lowered by 20% in response to declining worldwide demand for steel, in the midst of the global financial crisis.[18]

Teck Resources (2008-)

Mining in British Columbia in 2016

Beginning October 1, 2008, Teck Cominco began rebranding itself as Teck.[19] The legal name of the company was changed to Teck Resources Ltd. on April 23, 2009, after being approved by shareholders the previous day.[20]

In 2008, Teck's $25 million donation to BC Children's Hospital Foundation earned its name attached to the Teck Acute Care Centre expected to complete construction in 2017.[21]

In July 2009, China Investment Corporation bought a 17% stake in Teck for C$1.74 billion.[22]

In 2012, the Company announced record earning, record profit and record production, thus ending the year 2011 with C$4.4 billion in cash. Besides expanding into the energy sector, the company was also executing two major projects in Chile and planning a C$600 million restart of its Quintette Mine near Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia.[23]

In 2021, Teck Resources was ranked no. 60 in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI) that includes 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Finland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden.[24]

The company's board rejected a US$23.1 billion hostile takeover offer by Swiss competitor Glencore in April 2023.[25]

Operations and major projects

Teck's principal products are steel-making coal, copper, and zinc. As of 2016, 44% of revenue was from steel-making coal, 34% of revenue was from zinc, and the remaining 21% was from copper.[7] Teck also has interests in oil sands projects in Northern Alberta.

Coal

In 2018, Teck produced 26.2 million tonnes of coal from six mines in southeastern British Columbia and western Alberta,[1]: 2  with most of it exported to countries in the Asia-Pacific region.[7] The coal is transported to ports and destinations in Eastern Canada through rail lines owned by Canadian Pacific. There was formerly a mine in Alberta—Cardinal River Mine in Hinton, Alberta which stopped production in June 2020,[26] and four steelmaking coal operations in British Columbia: Fording River coal mine in Elkford, Elkview Mine in Sparwood, Greenhills Mine in Elkford and Line Creek Mine in Sparwood.[1]: 2  In February 2023, the subsidiary is fined more than $16 million for polluting waterways in the East Kootenay.[27]

Zinc

In 2016, Teck produced 662,000 tonnes of zinc in concentrate, and 311,000 tonnes of refined zinc.[7] It was the world's third largest producer of mined zinc.[7] Almost all of its mined zinc comes from the Red Dog mine in Alaska, one of the largest zinc mines in the world. It also produces refined zinc at its smelting and refining complex in Trail, British Columbia. The Trail complex also produces zinc refining byproducts, which as of 2016 included 99,000 tonnes of refined lead and 24.2 million ounces of silver.

Copper

In 2016, Teck produced 324,200 tonnes of copper from mines in North and South America.[7] Its largest mine is the Highland Valley Copper mine near Logan Lake, British Columbia, with 119,000 tonnes of copper and 3.4 million pounds of molybdenum produced in 2016.[7] Teck has a 22.5% interest in the Antamina mine in Peru, one of the largest copper/zinc mines in the world. Teck also runs the Carmen de Andacollo and Quebrada Blanca mines in Chile.

Solar

In 2020, Teck announced an agreement to purchase the city of Kimberley, British Columbia's debt stake in the SunMine solar electricity generating station. The 1.05 MW facility was constructed in 2015 on land reclaimed from Teck's Sullivan Mine, which had produced zinc, lead, and silver until its closing in 2001.[28] CEO Don Lindsay explained that the company planned to use SunMine to develop expertise in solar power and renewable energy development.[29]

Oil sands open-pit mining operations

Fort Hills

In 2018, Teck Resources opened the C$17-billion Fort Hills oilsands project, which will produce 194,000 barrels per day (bbl/day).[4] Teck Resources had a 21.3% stake in the project alongside Suncor Energy's 54.1% and Paris-based Total SE's 24.6%.[4]

At the September opening of Fort Hills, Calgary-based Suncor Energy's CEO Steve Williams said that, "It's unlikely there will be projects of this type of scale again...What Fort Hills gives us is a strategic anchor in a vast reserve up here."[30] Williams was optimistic about the future of the oil sands for years to come, but at a different scale.[30]

In October 2022, Teck announced its intention to sell its then 21.3% stake in the project to majority owner Suncor for $1 billion, which would bring Suncor's stake to 75.4%.[31] However, co-owner Total SE filed an application to Alberta's Court of Queen's Bench disputing Teck's terms for right of first refusal on the sale, asking that the 90-day period which Total was given to decide be suspended until its application was reviewed by the courts.[31]

Frontier Mine

In 2009, for the first time since the 1980s, what is now known as the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) changed the oil sands mining boundaries in the Athabasca oil sands in northeastern Alberta, Canada, partly in response to successful exploratory work that Teck and others had launched "north of the known limits"—on the west and east sides of the Athabasca River. When they "discovered a sizable resource", the AER extended the "boundaries" of the "surface mineable oilsands area" to include 14.5 townships.[32] Teck and UTS, who had done the exploratory work together, initiated the regulatory process for Frontier in March 2008.[32]

Frontier Mine is considered to be one of the largest oil sands mines ever proposed in Alberta.[9] The "292 km2 (113 sq mi) open-pit petroleum-mining operation" was to be located about 120 km (75 mi) north of Fort McMurray, Alberta. The estimated cost of developing the Frontier operation was C$20 billion. According to Financial Post, this was more than "Teck's own market capitalization of C$18 billion."[4][c][d]

The Frontier mine 25 km (16 mi) south of Wood Buffalo National Park and north of Fort McMurray in northeast Alberta, was projected to produce 260,000 bbl/day every year for more than 40 years.[33][5] Its first phase in 2026 would produce 85,000 bbl/day. The second phase would begin in 2036.[4] The mine would potentially result in "billions of dollars of federal and province taxes".[9]

In the summer of 2019, a federal-provincial review concluded that Frontier Mine would be "in the public interest, even though it would be likely to harm the environment and the land, resources and culture of Indigenous people."[34][35] Teck would use the paraffinic froth treatment (PFT)[36] for the Frontier project, a technology that is already in use at Fort Hills, Imperial Oil's Kearl Oil Sands,[37] and Canadian Natural Resources's (CNRL) Athabasca Oil Sands Project (AOSP).[38][39][32] This technology, which eliminates the use of an upgrader, has a "lower GHG intensity than about half of the oil currently refined in the U.S.", according to Teck.[32] The federal Environment Minister, Jonathan Wilkinson, told Canadian Press on January 28, 2020, that the federal cabinet's decision...will weigh what the province is doing to help Canada achieve its climate goal of net zero emissions by 2050.[34][e] In a statement, Jason Nixon, Alberta's Environment Minister said that "[A]ll 14 First Nation groups in the region of the proposed mine have economic agreements of support with Teck."[33] At a CIBC investor conference in Banff, Alberta, CEO Don Lindsay said that the Frontier mining project could only go ahead if the "economics of the project make sense", according to a January 29, 2020 Globe and Mail article.[40] Lindsay told the government that Teck will only proceed with the project if the pipeline is finished, "not just started, finished"; if Teck can find a partner; and if the price of oil makes the project viable.[40]

The decision on regulatory approval by the federal government cabinet was expected in February 2020,[9] but on February 23 Teck withdrew its application for the mine in advance of the decision.[8][41] In a statement, Teck said that it had already invested $1.13 billion and 10 years in the project, waiting for regulatory and local approval. It stated, "The promise of Canada's potential will not be realized until governments can reach agreement around how climate policy considerations will be addressed in the context of future responsible energy sector development. Without clarity on this critical question, the situation that has faced Frontier will be faced by future projects and it will be very difficult to attract future investment, either domestic or foreign.... Teck has not taken this decision lightly. It is our hope that the decision to withdraw will help to create both the space and impetus needed for this critical discussion to take place for the benefit of all Canadians."

Carbon footprint

Teck Resources reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 2,795 Kt (-440 /-13.6% y-o-y).[42]

Teck Resources's Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) (in kilotonnes)
Dec 2016 Dec 2017 Dec 2018 Dec 2019 Dec 2020
3,189[43] 3,238[44] 3,208[45] 3,235[46] 2,795[42]

Controversies

Contamination of the Columbia River

Cominco Tank Car
Main article: Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals

In 2004, in response to the decades of heavy contamination of the Columbia River by Teck, a citizen lawsuit was filed against Teck, under the 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)—now known as the Superfund.[47] Teck fought the case for years and finally lost in a 2018 ruling which fined Teck US$8 million for pollution.[48] From 1930 and 1995, the "Canadian mining giant Teck Resources Ltd."[49] had "discharged about 400 tons of slag daily — an estimated 9.97 million tons in total"[48] — directly into the Upper Columbia River.

The company's smelter in Trail, British Columbia was blamed in 2003 for heavily contaminating the Columbia River.[50] Legal action taken by American citizens living in settlements downriver progressed to the U.S. Supreme Court and was denied certiorari, solidifying the Appellate Court's holding that Teck is subject to U.S. jurisdiction even though it is a Canadian company.[citation needed]

The Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation filed a lawsuit against Teck Cominco in 2004, claiming the company had dumped 140,000 tons of slag directly into rivers adjacent to its Trail smelter between 1896 and 1995, polluting the surface water, ground water and sediment of the upper Columbia River and Lake Roosevelt with hazardous metals including arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, copper and zinc.[51]

The Trail smelter was also the site of a lead spill into the Columbia River on May 28, 2008.[52]

A September 2012 Globe and Mail article reported that the day the 2012 trial, "Canadian mining giant Teck Resources Ltd." had admitted in a U.S. court that effluent from its smelter in southeast British Columbia ha[d] polluted the Columbia River in Washington state for more than a century."[49] The agreement, reached on the eve of the trial initiated by the Colville Confederated Tribes, stipulates that some hazardous materials in the slag discharged from Teck's smelter in Trail, B.C., ended up in the Upper Columbia River south of the border.[49]

In his 2018 ruling in Pakootas, Michel and Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation v. Teck Cominco Metals, the United States District Judge for the District of Oregon, Michael J. McShane, agreed with the lower courts against Teck, and fined Teck US$8 million for pollution.[48] The company was fined $2.2 million in 2023.[53]

Selenium contamination

According to a March 8, 2021 article in The Narwhal, concerns have been raised about selenium pollution leaching from Teck Resources' Elk Valley open pit coal mines' waste rock, which is upstream from the Lake Koocanusa water system.[54] Lake Koocanusa is in both British Columbia, Canada and Montana, United States.[55] A September 24, 2020 Montana Department of Environmental Quality presentation to the Board of Environmental Review Meeting, reported that the 95% of the selenium coming into Lake Koocanusa originates from the Elk River "which has been contaminated by current and historic coal mining in the Elk Valley." By September 2020, the average selenium levels in Lake Koocanusa were 1 part per billion, while Montana had established new standards for selenium of 0.8 parts per billion.[54][56] Because of the high bioaccumulation of selenium in fish, excessive levels of selenium in an aquatic ecosystem has implications for human health.[57][58] In the spring of 2020, Teck Resources had "reported a dramatic decline in adult westslope cutthroat trout in Elk Valley waterways closest to its mines".[54] Since 2015, British Columbia and Montana have agreed to adopt aligned standards for selenium levels by 2020.[59] Montana's has been in force since the fall of 2020, but British Columbia has not aligned their standards yet.[59]

Environmental record: Airborne Lead

Trail, the home of Teck's large lead-zinc smelter, has an extensive history of smelting. This has resulted in above-limit levels of lead, arsenic, zinc, and cadmium in soils in certain parts of the city.[60] Starting in 2007, a free soil-testing program (paid for by Teck via the Trail Area Health and Environment Program) was instituted, with the priority being the removal of above-limit topsoils in residential yards of families with young children.[61] The existing contamination has been attributed to the smelting activities that pre-date the 1997 advent of newer technologies at the smelting operation.[62]

The Trail Area Health and Environment Program is expected to continue for the foreseeable future, with the ultimate goal entailing soil sampling (with remediation on an as-needed basis) on all properties in Trail.[61]

Red Dog Mine toxic waste

In 2007, the company's Red Dog mine operation in north-western Alaska has been ranked by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as one of the most polluting facilities in the United States based on output tonnage of toxic waste, largely (over 99%) in the form of blasted and moved, but otherwise unprocessed, waste rock from mining operations.[63][64] Residents living downstream from the mine launched a lawsuit against Teck Cominco, demanding that the Red Dog mine complies with its environmental obligations and that it pay fines for continuing to violate its water permit requirements. On November 30, 2007, the company released the final report of its six-year study, with the oversight of the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, of risks of dust escaping from traffic along the DeLong Mountain Regional Transportation System Road. The final report incorporates formal comments and input from a wide range of government agencies and stakeholders, including local village residents. The risk assessment concludes it is safe to consume subsistence foods in all areas without restrictions.[65]

Chinese government ties

In 2016, Teck Resources shareholders elected deputy to China's National People's Congress, Quan Chong, to Teck's board of directors.[66][67] Executive director of IntegrityBC, Dermod Travis, said: "When I saw this, it completely jumped out. It is wrong at so many levels. I think we need to look at how we engage with foreign entities, whether they're governments or companies, in terms of buying our natural resources and ensure we are not also giving up part of our boardroom sovereignty."[68]

Indigenous rights

In 2016, Teck Alaska Inc., a subsidiary of Teck Resources Ltd., was ranked as the best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on upholding indigenous rights in the Arctic.[69]

Awards and recognition

On their 2007 web page, Teck Resources listed over two dozen awards that the company had received from 2004 through 2007, for specific mines and operations. This includes awards for individual operations that had low accident frequency, good underground safety, volunteerism, conservation, reclamation, and excellence in business.[70]

Teck Resources is the number one sponsor for the twenty-team ice hockey league, the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League with the KIJHL Championship named the Teck Cup.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Both Norman Bell Keevil and Norman B. Keevil are included in the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame.
  2. ^ USD
  3. ^ In the 2018 annual report, Teck included a "Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Statements"[1] and listed a number of potential factors that could impact on their forward looking statements including improved "unit operating costs at Fort Hills", the "debottlenecking" of crude oil, expanded production at Fort Hills", delivery to customers, The Frontier projects's timing as related to the "review and permitting process", the "credit facilities", "sources of liquidity and capital resources", the impact of exchange rates, commodity prices (the global price of WTI crude oil), carbon pricing policies, and associated costs that would affect profits for shareholders and the EBITDA.[1]: 77  See "Commodity Prices and 2018 Production".[1]
  4. ^ Fort Hills and Frontier market their crude oil, Western Canadian Select (WCS), the benchmark for Canadian crude oil, through Hardisty. It "trades at a differential below the NYMEX West Texas Intermediate WTI benchmark price".[1] At the time of their 2018 annual report, "WTI averaged US$64.77 per barrel with WCS priced at US$19.35 per barrel with an average differential or discount in Q4 of US$39.45 per barrel. "Hardisty differentials widened substantially in the quarter as increases in production strained crude oil export infrastructure and regional storage capacities."[1]: 31 
  5. ^ The National Observer, Canadian Mining, CBC, and Global reports are based on content first published by The Canadian Press on January 28, 2020 with files from Lauren Krugel in Calgary.

References

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  3. ^ Weber, Terry (April 30, 2001). "Teck and Cominco to merge". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Morgan, Geoffrey (September 24, 2018). "Hearings begin today into a $20-billion oil sands mine that's even bigger than the massive Fort Hills: The Frontier mine would cost C$2 billion more than Teck Resource's market cap". National Post. Calgary. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Tasker, John Paul (December 10, 2019). "Kenney in Ottawa to call for approval of massive open-pit oilsands mine". CBC News. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
  6. ^ Frank, Steven (August 19, 2020). "Teck Resources goes on headhunting spree after coming under fire from investors". Financial Post.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Teck 2016 Annual Report (PDF) (Report). Teck. March 3, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  8. ^ a b Rieger, Sarah (February 23, 2020). "Teck withdraws application for $20B Frontier oilsands mine". CBC News. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d Sharon Riley (January 29, 2020). An enormous open-pit mine and the future of the Alberta oilsands (podcast). Front Burner. CBC. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
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  11. ^ "Bylaws". Kirkland Lake Town Council. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
  12. ^ "Our History". Teck Resources Limited. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
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  24. ^ Overland, I., Bourmistrov, A., Dale, B., Irlbacher‐Fox, S., Juraev, J., Podgaiskii, E., Stammler, F., Tsani, S., Vakulchuk, R. and Wilson, E.C. 2021. The Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index: A method to rank heterogenous extractive industry companies for governance purposes. Business Strategy and the Environment. 30, 1623–1643. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2698
  25. ^ McGee, Niall; Reguly, Eric (April 3, 2023). "'Canada is not for sale': Keevil family has no intention of selling Teck to Glencore no matter what the price". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023.
  26. ^ "Cardinal River".
  27. ^ "B.C. fines Teck Coal $16 million for contaminating Kootenay waterways". CBC.ca.
  28. ^ "Teck Resources to pay $2 million for SunMine solar project at Kimberley, B.C." Canadian Press. January 15, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020 – via CityNews.
  29. ^ Teck Resources (January 15, 2020). "Teck Announces Purchase of SunMine Solar Energy Facility" (Press release). Vancouver. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  30. ^ a b Bakx, Kyle (September 17, 2018). "The great oilsands era is over. So what now for Fort McMurray?". Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  31. ^ a b bennett, nelson (December 29, 2022). "Teck's exit from oil sands hits potential legal snag". Business in Vancouver.
  32. ^ a b c d Bennett, Deborah; Jaremko, Jim; Bentein, Nelson (November 6, 2018). "On the Frontier: Teck advances milestone new oilsands mine in a new era of energy development". JWN Energy. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  33. ^ a b "Alberta climate plan part of Fed decision on Teck Mine says Wilkinson". Canadian Press via The National Observer. January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  34. ^ a b "Alberta's climate plan part of cabinet decision on Teck Frontier oilsands mine: Wilkinson". Canadian Press Staff via Canadian Manufacturing. January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  35. ^ Graveland, Bill (January 27, 2020). "Kenney wants swift approval from Trudeau for Teck Frontier oilsands mine". Global News via the Canadian Press. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  36. ^ Lewis, Jeff (November 8, 2011). "SNC-Lavalin to build $650 million froth treatment plant: Client not disclosed, but reported to be CNRL". Alberta Oil. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  37. ^ "Kearl Overview". www.imperialoil.ca. Imperial Oil. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
    – "Kearl". Imperial Oil. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  38. ^ "Canadian Natural Resources Limited Announces the Acquisition of Working Interest in the Athabasca Oil Sands Project and Other Oil Sands Assets" (Press release). Marketwired. March 9, 2017.
  39. ^ Pulsinelli, Olivia (May 8, 2018). "Shell selling entire Canadian Natural Resources stake for $3.3B". American City Business Journals.
  40. ^ a b Willis, Andrew (January 29, 2020). "Frontier oil sands mine may not get built - even with federal approval". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  41. ^ https://www.teck.com/news/news-releases/2020/teck-withdraws-regulatory-application-for-frontier-project https://www.teck.com/news/news-releases/2020/teck-withdraws-regulatory-application-for-frontier-project
  42. ^ a b "Teck Resources's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2021. Alt URL
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  44. ^ "Teck Resources's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2021. Alt URL
  45. ^ "Teck Resources's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2021. Alt URL
  46. ^ "Teck Resources's Sustainability Report for 2020Q4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2021. Alt URL
  47. ^ Pakootas v. Teck Cominco Metals, 2578982 (District Court for the Eastern District of Washington 2004).
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