View source for Senate

<!--Do NOT insert prequel memes here, especially not by blanking this and turning it into a prequel meme (see Wikipedia: What Wikipedia is not).-->
{{Short description|Upper house of a bicameral legislature}}
{{Redirect-multi|2|Senator|Sen.|other uses|Senator (disambiguation)<!--Example of Sen. meaning senator: https://denver.cbslocal.com/2020/04/02/coronavirus-colorado-sen-cory-gardner-secures-n95-masks-taiwan/-->|and|Sen (disambiguation)|and|Senate (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Legislature}}
{{politics}}
[[File:Cicero Denounces Catiline in the Roman Senate by Cesare Maccari.png|thumb|right|[[Cicero]] addressing the [[Catilinarian conspiracy]] in the [[Roman Senate]]]]
[[File:Senat 2833.jpg|thumb|right|The debating chamber of the [[Senate of the Czech Republic]] in the [[Wallenstein Palace]]]]

A '''senate''' is a [[deliberative assembly]], often the [[upper house]] or [[Legislative chamber|chamber]] of a [[bicameral]] [[legislature]]. The name comes from the [[Ancient Rome|ancient]] [[Roman Senate]] (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the elder" or "old man") and therefore considered wiser and more experienced members of the [[society]] or [[ruling class]]. However the Roman Senate was not the ancestor or predecessor of modern parliamentarism in any sense, because the Roman senate was not a de jure [[legislative]] body.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nM1LAAAAMAAJ&q=%22roman+senate%22+%22not+legislative%22 |title=Encyclopedia Americana |date=1965 |publisher=Americana Corporation |language=en}}
</ref>

Many countries have an assembly named a ''senate'', composed of ''senators'' who may be [[election|elected]], appointed, have [[inheritance|inherited]] the title, or gained membership by other methods, depending on the country. Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of "sober second thought" to consider [[legislation]] passed by a [[lower house]], whose members are usually elected. Most senates have asymmetrical duties and powers compared with their respective lower house meaning they have special duties, for example to fill important political positions or to pass special laws. Conversely many senates have limited powers in changing or stopping bills under consideration and efforts to stall or veto a bill may be bypassed by the lower house or another branch of government.<ref>Bicameral Legislatures: An international Comparison. Betty Drexhage. The Hague. 2015.</ref>

==Overview==
<!--DO NOT insert prequel memes here. Not only is such a thing frowned upon here (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not), it's neither funny nor clever. You have been warned.-->
The modern word ''senate'' is derived from the [[Latin]] word ''senātus'' (senate), which comes from ''senex'', 'elder man'.<ref>Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary: ''[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/senate senate]''</ref> A member or legislator of a senate is called '''senator'''. The Latin word ''senator'' was adopted into English with [[English orthography|no change in spelling]]. Its meaning is derived from a very ancient form of social organization, in which advisory or decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word ''senate'' is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. This form of adaptation was used to show the power of those in body and for the decision-making process to be thorough, which could take a long period of time. The original senate was the [[Roman Senate]], which lasted until at least CE 603,<ref>{{cite book|page=1047|author=Levillain, Philippe|title=The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDcmDeLuV4C&pg=PA1047|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-92230-2}}</ref> although various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome. In the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], the [[Byzantine senate|Byzantine Senate]] continued until the [[Fourth Crusade]], circa 1202–1204. The female form '''senatrix''' also existed. 

[[File:Senate_in_session.jpg|thumb|The [[Senate of the United States]] in session]]

Modern democratic states with [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[parliamentary system]]s are sometimes equipped with a senate, often distinguished from an ordinary parallel [[lower house]], known variously as the "[[House of Representatives]]", "[[House of Commons]]", "[[Chamber of Deputies]]", "[[National Assembly]]", "[[Legislative Assembly]]", or "[[House of Assembly]]", by electoral rules. This may include minimum age required for voters and candidates, one house employing a proportional voting system and the other being elected on a [[Majoritarianism|majoritarian]] or [[Plurality voting system|plurality]] basis, and an electoral basis or ''collegium''. Typically, the senate is referred to as the upper house and has a smaller membership than the lower house. In some [[federal state]]s senates also exist at the subnational level. In the [[United States]], most states and territories have senates, with the exception of [[Nebraska]], [[Guam]], and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] (whose legislatures are unicameral bodies called the "Legislature" but whose members refer to themselves as "senators") and the [[District of Columbia]] (whose unicameral legislature is called the Council).  There is also the [[US Senate]] at the federal level. Similarly in [[Argentina]], in addition to the [[Senate of Argentina|Senate]] at federal level, eight of the country's [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]], [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]], [[Corrientes]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], [[Salta Province|Salta]], [[San Luis Province|San Luis]] (since 1987) and [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]], have bicameral legislatures with a Senate. [[Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba]] and [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]] changed to [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] systems in 2001 and 2003 respectively.

In [[Australia]] and [[Canada]], only the upper house of the federal parliament is known as the Senate. All [[States and territories of Australia|Australian states]] other than [[Queensland]] have an upper house known as a [[Legislative council]]. Several Canadian provinces also once had a Legislative Council, but these have all been abolished, the last being [[Quebec]]'s [[Legislative Council of Quebec|Legislative council]] in 1968.

In [[Germany]], the last senate of a [[States of Germany|state]] parliament, the [[Bavarian Senate]], was abolished in 2000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keating |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbPDAQAAQBAJ |title=Rescaling the European State: The Making of Territory and the Rise of the Meso |date=October 2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-969156-2 |pages=143 |language=en}}</ref>

Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the [[Senate of the Philippines]], the term of a senator being six years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samonte|first=Severino|date=April 26, 2022|title=Why only 12 are elected to the 24-member Senate|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1172944|access-date=2024-10-23|website=pna.gov.ph|language=en}}</ref> In contrast, members of the [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senate]] are appointed by the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] upon the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of Canada]], holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75.

==Alternative meanings==
<!--DO NOT insert prequel memes here. Not only is such a thing frowned upon here (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not), it's neither funny nor clever. You have been warned.-->
The terms ''senate'' and ''senator'', however, do not necessarily refer to a second chamber of a legislature:
*The [[Senate of Finland]] was, until 1918, the executive branch and the supreme court.
*The [[Senate of Latvia]] ([[:lv:Latvijas Senāts|lv]]) fulfilled a similar judicial function during the interbellum (1918–1940).
*In German politics:
**In the ''[[States of Germany|Bundesländer]]'' (Federated States) of Germany which form a [[City State]] (in German: ''Stadtstaat''), i.e. [[Berlin]] ([[Senate of Berlin]]), [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] ([[Senate of Bremen]]) and [[Hamburg]] ([[Senate of Hamburg]]), the senates (''[[:wikt:Senat|Senat]]'' in [[German language|German]]) are the executive branch, with senators (''Senator'') being the holders of ministerial portfolios.<ref>See [[Senate of Berlin]], [[Senate of Bremen]] and [[Senate of Hamburg]].</ref>
**In a number of cities which were former members of the ''[[Hanse]]'' (a medieval confederacy of port cities mainly at the shores of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea), such as [[Greifswald]], [[Lübeck]], [[Rostock]], [[Stralsund]], or [[Wismar]], the city government is also called a Senate. However, in [[Bavaria]], the Senate was a second legislative chamber until its abolition in 1999.
*In German jurisprudence:
**The term Senat (senate) in higher [[court of appeal|courts of appeal]] refers to the "[[Bench (metonymy)|bench]]" in its broader [[metonymy]] meaning, describing members of the [[judiciary]] collectively (usually five [[judge]]s), often occupied with a particular [[subject-matter jurisdiction]]. However, the judges are not called "senators". The German term ''Strafsenat'' (literally "Penal Senate") in a German court translates to ''Bench of [[Criminal jurisdiction|penal-law jurisdiction]]'' and ''Zivilsenat'' (literally "Civil Senate") to ''Bench of [[Private law|private-law jurisdiction]]''. The [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany]] consists of two senates of eight judges each. In its case the division is mostly of an organizational nature, as a matter of dividing the work load; both senates handle the same kind of constitutional cases. At some points in the past, one senate was considered more conservative and the other more liberal, but that is not the case as of 2011.
*In [[Scotland]], judges of the [[High Court of Justiciary]] are called [[Senators of the College of Justice]].
*In some, mostly federal countries with a unicameral legislature, some of the legislators are elected differently from the others and are called senators. In federal countries, such senators represent the territories, while the other members represent the people at large (this device is used to allow a federal representation without having to establish a bicameral legislature); this is the case with [[St. Kitts and Nevis]], [[Comoros]] and [[Micronesia]]. In other, non-federal countries, the use of the term ''senator'' marks some other difference between such members and the rest of the legislators (such as the method of selection); this is the case with [[Dominica]]'s [[House of Assembly of Dominica|House of Assembly]] and the [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]] [[House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|House of Assembly]]. Until [[2022 Jersey general election|2022]], this was also the case in the [[States of Jersey]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-jersey-56847634 Removal of Jersey senator roles given final approval], [[BBC News Online|BBC News]], 22 April 2021</ref>
*In [[Wales]], there is a translation of the word Senatus into the [[Welsh language]] (equivalent to 'Senate' in English) as the word "Senedd". The word was used first to refer specifically to what is now referred to as the [[Senedd building]], but the name later became a [[Metonymy|metonym]] for the [[Devolved parliament|devolved unicameral legislature]] it hosts, the "[[National Assembly for Wales]]", which in [[Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020|May 2020 adopted the name "Senedd Cymru" or "the Welsh Parliament"]] with the term "[[Senedd]]" becoming the common short name for the institution in both languages of Welsh and [[English language|English]]. There is no direct translation of the word "Parliament" in Welsh, with Senedd (being a cognate of Senate) meaning both "Senate" and "Parliament". 
*An [[academic senate]] is the governing body of some universities.
*In [[Greece]] during the early stages of the [[Greek War of Independence]], various local legislative and executive bodies were established by the Greek rebels. Two of them were styled "senate": the [[Peloponnesian Senate]] and the [[Senate of Western Continental Greece]].

==List of national senates<span class="anchor" id="national senates"></span>==
<!--DO NOT insert prequel memes here. Not only is such a thing frowned upon here (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not), it's neither funny nor clever. You have been warned.-->
{{columns-list |colwidth=20em|
*[[Senate (Antigua and Barbuda)|Antigua and Barbuda]]
*[[Argentine Senate|Argentina]] 
*[[Federal Council (Austria)|Austria]]
*[[Australian Senate|Australia]]
*[[Parliament of the Bahamas#Senate|Bahamas]]
*[[Senate of Barbados|Barbados]]
*[[Belgian Senate|Belgium]] 
*[[Senate of Belize|Belize]]
*[[Senate of Bolivia|Bolivia]]
*[[Senate of Brazil|Brazil]] 
*[[Senate of Burundi|Burundi]]
*[[Senate of Cambodia|Cambodia]]
*[[Senate (Cameroon)|Cameroon]]
*[[Senate of Canada|Canada]]
*[[Senate of Chile|Chile]]
*[[Senate of Colombia|Colombia]]
*[[Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
*[[Senate of the Republic of Congo|Republic of Congo]]
*[[Senate of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]]
*[[Senate of the Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
*[[Senate (Egypt)|Egypt]]
*[[Senate of Eswatini|Eswatini]]
*[[French Senate|France]] 
*[[Senate of Gabon|Gabon]]
*[[Bundesrat of Germany|Germany]]
*[[Senate of Grenada|Grenada]]
*[[Senate of Haïti|Haiti]]
*[[Rajya Sabha|India]]
*[[Regional Representative Council|Indonesia]]
*[[Seanad Éireann|Ireland]]
*[[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Italy]]
*[[Senate (Ivory Coast)|Ivory Coast]]
*[[Senate of Jamaica|Jamaica]]
*[[House of Councillors|Japan]]
*[[Senate of Jordan|Jordan]]
*[[Senate of Kenya|Kenya]]
*[[Senate of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
*[[Senate of Lesotho|Lesotho]]
*[[Senate of Liberia|Liberia]]
*[[Senate of Madagascar|Madagascar]]
*[[Dewan Negara|Malaysia]]
*[[Senate of Mexico|Mexico]]
*[[National Assembly (Nepal)|Nepal]]
*[[Senate (Netherlands)|Netherlands]]
*[[Nigerian Senate|Nigeria]]
*[[Senate of Palau|Palau]]
*[[Senate of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
*[[Senate of Paraguay|Paraguay]]
*[[Senate of the Philippines|Philippines]]
*[[Senate of the Republic of Poland|Poland]]
*[[Senate of Romania|Romania]]
*[[Federation Council (Russia)|Russia]]
*[[Senate of Rwanda|Rwanda]]
*[[Senate of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]]
*[[Senate of Somalia|Somalia]]
*[[Spanish Senate|Spain]]
*[[Council of States (Switzerland)|Switzerland]]
*[[Senate of Thailand|Thailand]] 
*[[Senate of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]
*[[United States Senate|United States]]
*[[Senate of Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]]
*[[Senate of Uruguay|Uruguay]]
*[[Senedd|Wales]]
*[[Senate of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]
}}

==Defunct and unestablished senates==
<!--DO NOT insert prequel memes here. Not only is such a thing frowned upon here (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not), it's neither funny nor clever. You have been warned.-->
{{See also|List of abolished upper houses}}
{{Col-float|width=23%|style=width:23%;min-width:15em;|
1='''Abolished in favor of'''<br/>'''[[unicameral]] system'''
*1863 [[Greek Senate|Greece]]<ref group=Note>A [[Greek Senate]] was reestablished in 1927, and abolished again in 1935.</ref>
*1904 [[Santiago del Estero Province]], [[Argentina]]
*1954 [[Senate of the Maldives|Maldives]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zulfa |first1=Mariyam |title='Developing Constitutional Culture in the Context of Constitutional Implementation': The Case of the Maldives' First Democratic Constitution |url=https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/2916705/MF-2018-Maldives-Paper-FINAL-clean-formatted.pdf |website=law.unimelb.edu.au |publisher=Melbourne Forum on Constitution-Building}}</ref>
*1958 [[National Legislature (Sudan)|Sudan]]
*1966 [[Senate of Kenya|Kenya]] (restored in 2013)<ref group=Note>The Kenyan Senate and House of Representatives were combined into a single National Assembly, under the 2010 Constitution, the Senate is the upper house, with the National Assembly becoming the lower house.</ref>
*1971 [[Senate of Ceylon|Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)]]
*1979 [[Senate of Iran|Iran]]
*1990 [[Tucumán Province]], [[Argentina]]
*1981 [[Senate of South Africa|South Africa]]<ref group=Note>A South African Senate was reconvened between 1994 and 1997, before being replaced by the [[National Council of Provinces]].</ref>
*1993 [[Control Yuan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]<ref group=Note>The [[Control Yuan]] existed as a parliamentary body in the [[Constitution of the Republic of China|1947 Chinese constitution]] which were elected by provincial legislators for a duration of 6 years. After the [[Chinese Civil War]], the government was transferred to Taiwan. In the constitutional reforms of the 1990s, the Control Yuan is now a purely auditory body, and its 29 members are nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Legislative Yuan for a duration of 6 years. Since 2005, the [[Legislative Yuan]] is now the nation's sole parliamentary body.</ref>
*2000 [[Senate of Bavaria|Bavaria]], [[Germany]]
*2001 [[Córdoba Province, Argentina#Government|Córdoba Province]], [[Argentina]]
*2005 [[Senate (Chad)|Chad]] (restored in 2023)<ref group=Note>The Senate was recreated by the Chadian constitution of 2018 but it was ratified after the 2023 constitutional referendum.</ref>
*2017 [[Senate of Mauritania|Mauritania]]
|2=
'''Legislature disbanded'''
*603 [[Roman Senate|Roman Republic/Empire]]
*1204 [[Byzantine Senate|Byzantine Empire]]
*1865 [[Congress of the Confederate States|Confederate States of America]]
*1831–1879 [[Parliament of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
*1931–1941 [[Parliament of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
*1939 [[National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|Czechoslovakia]]
*1947 [[Legislature of Burma|British Burma]]
*1958 [[Congress of Cuba|Cuba]]
*1959 [[Senate of Iraq|Iraq]]
*1961 [[Senate of South Korea|South Korea]]
*1969 [[Senate of Libya|Libya]]
*1972 [[Senate of Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] 
*1972 [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippines]] (restored in 1987)<ref group=Note name="Philippines">The Philippine Senate was abolished and restored twice. A new constitution in 1935 abolished the Senate but an amendment in 1941 restored it in 1945. In 1972, Congress was prevented from convening, and a passage of a new constitution in 1973 confirmed the abolition of the Senate; an approval of a new constitution in 1987 restored it.</ref>
*1974 [[Imperial Parliament of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
*1975 [[South Vietnam#Government|South Vietnam]]
*1979 [[Parliament of Rhodesia|Rhodesia]]
|3='''New [[constitution]] adopted'''
*1847 [[Senate of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]<ref group=Note name="Costa Rica">The [http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1844.pdf 1844 Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124215811/http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1844.pdf |date=2011-01-24 }} provided for a Senate; the [http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1847.pdf Constitution of 1847] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043022/http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1847.pdf |date=2014-11-29 }}, which replaced it, established a unicameral legislature. The Senate was reestablished by the [http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1859.pdf Constitution of 1859] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043131/http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1859.pdf |date=2014-11-29 }}; the country reverted to unicameralism with the adoption of the [http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1871.pdf 1871 Constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043018/http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1871.pdf |date=2014-11-29 }}. Costa Rica briefly restored the Senate and bicameralism with the adoption of the [http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1917.pdf 1917 Constitution] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043028/http://esociales.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/materiales/civica/constituciones/const_1917.pdf |date=2014-11-29 }}, but that constitution was abrogated in 1919, whereupon the 1871 Constitution was restored; it remained in effect until 1949, when Costa Rica adopted its present Constitution, which provides for a unicameral legislature.</ref>
*1866 [[House of Nobility (Sweden)|Sweden]]
*1871 [[Senate of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]<ref group=Note name="Costa Rica"/>
*1886 [[El Salvador]]{{refn|group=Note|The [http://www.isd.org.sv/isd/index.php/versiones-de-constitucion-de-la-republica-de-el-salvador/82-isd/democracia/estudios-y-publicaciones/constituciones/383-constitucion-de-la-republica-de-el-salvador-ano-1841 1841 Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador] established a bicameral legislature with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. The 1886 constitution replaced the bicameral legislature with a unicameral one.<ref>Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.), ''El Salvador: A Country Study'' (1990), p. 144</ref>}}
*1890 [[Genrōin|Japan]]
*1901&ndash;1903 [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]]
*1917 [[Governing Senate|Russia]]
*1919 [[Senate of Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]<ref group=Note name="Costa Rica"/>
*1919 [[Senate of Finland|Finland]]
*1926 [[Senate (Portugal)|Portugal]]
*1928 [[Senate (Albania)|Albania]]
*1930 [[Legislative Assembly of Bahia|Bahia]], [[Vargas Era|Brazil]]
*1930 [[Legislative Assembly of Ceará|Ceará]], [[Vargas Era|Brazil]]
*1930 [[Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco|Pernambuco]], [[Vargas Era|Brazil]]
*1930 [[Legislative Assembly of São Paulo|São Paulo]], [[Vargas Era|Brazil]]
*1935 [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippines]] (restored in 1945)<ref group=Note name="Philippines"/>
*1937 [[Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)|Ireland]]
*1949 [[Senate of Malta|Malta]]
*1950 [[United States of Indonesia|Indonesia]] (restored in 2001 as [[Regional Representative Council]])
*1964 [[Senate (British Guiana)|British Guiana (now Guyana)]]
*1970 [[Senate of Ceylon|Ceylon]]
*1978 [[Politics of Ecuador|Ecuador]]
*1978 [[Senate of the Philippines|Philippines]] (restored in 1987)<ref group=Note name="Philippines"/>
*1979 [[Iranian Senate|Iran]]
*1979 [[National Congress of Nicaragua|Nicaragua]]
*1982 [[Senate of the Republic (Turkey)|Turkey]]<ref group=Note>The Turkish Senate did not function after the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état]] and was legally abolished with the adoption of the 1982 [[Constitution of Turkey]].</ref>
*1993 [[Senate of Peru|Peru]]
*2000 [[Senate of Venezuela|Venezuela]]
*2012 [[Senate of Senegal|Senegal]]
*2013 [[Senate of Fiji|Fiji]]
|4='''Senate unestablished, though foreseen by the Constitution'''
*1989 [[Senate of Lebanon|Lebanon]]
*1994 [[National Assembly (Malawi)|Malawi]]
*1995 [[Parliament of Georgia#Status and structure|Georgia]]
*2004 [[Council of Union of Iraq|Iraq]]
*2015 [[Senate of the Central African Republic|Central African Republic]]
}}

==See also==
<!--DO NOT insert prequel memes here. Not only is such a thing frowned upon here (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not), it's neither funny nor clever. You have been warned.-->
*[[Senator for life]]

==Notes==
<!--DO NOT insert prequel memes here. Not only is such a thing frowned upon here (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not), it's neither funny nor clever. You have been warned.-->
{{Reflist|35em|group=Note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
<!--DO NOT insert prequel memes here. Not only is such a thing frowned upon here (see Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not), it's neither funny nor clever. You have been warned.-->
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Senate}}
*[https://www.livius.org/se-sg/senate/senator.html Livius.org: Roman Senate]
*[http://global.britannica.com/topic/Senate-United-States-government Encyclopedia Britannica on Senate]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Legislatures]]
[[Category:National upper houses| Senate]]