Smoker's face
Smoker's face describes the characteristic changes that happen to the faces of many people who smoke tobacco products.[1][2] Smoking causes damage to the skin by depleting the skin of oxygen and nutrients.[3] The general appearance is of accelerated ageing of the face, with a characteristic pattern of facial wrinkling and sallow coloration.
A summary of a study published by the National Institutes of Health found that certain facial features appeared in about 46% of continuing smokers and 8% of former smokers who had smoked a full decade while those same features were absent in a control group of non-smokers.[4]
Causes
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) are enzymes that promote breakdown of the extracellular matrix.[5] This matrix contains important nutrients and proteins like collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. All of which are involved in skin health and structure.[6] The MMP levels in a smoker are elevated, causing over breakdown of the matrix. Therefore, those essential proteins and antioxidants, like Vitamin C, also begin to disappear.[7][8] This leaves the skin empty and depleted of its structure, causing hollowness and sagging of the skin.[3]
Nearby blood vessels can become damaged by the tobacco extracts and then constrict, reducing flow of oxygen to the face.[3] Oxygen breakdown without circulation causes reactive oxygen species, or ROS and free radicals, to build up. Then skin, now deplete of antioxidants, cannot clean up the free radicals leaving them to build up in the tissues.[9] This eventually leads to oxidative stress.[10][9] This is attributed to what is called extrinsic aging; known to be caused by external and environmental factors.[8] This can cause skin allergies, skin thinning, wrinkles, issues with pigmentation, cancers and more.[10] Important enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, which help clean up the extracellular matrix also become reduced.[10]
Symptoms and Appearance
Skin
Hair
- Hair loss[11]
Mouth
- Gum disease[11]
- Tooth decay[11]
- Tooth loss[11]
- Dry socket[11]
- Bad or decreased sense of taste[11]
- Halitosis[3]
- Whitening of oral soft tissue[11]
- Mouth cancer[11]
- Staining or yellowing[12]
Related Conditions
- Diabetes[13]
- Tuberculosis[13]
- Heart Disease[13]
- Stroke[13]
- Lung disease[13]
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)[13]
- Autoimmune Illnesses[13]
- Eye Disease[13]
- Cancers[13][3]
References
- ^ Smoker's Face: Beauty is only skin deep Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine, UK Department of Health
- ^ Jane E. Brody (June 19, 1996). "Personal Health: Smoker's Face". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e f g "How Smoking Affects the Way You Look". ASH. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ Model D (1985). "Smoker's face: an underrated clinical sign?". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 291 (6511): 1760–1762. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1760. PMC 1419177. PMID 3936573.
- ^ "Matrix Metalloproteinase - an overview". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ Yue, Beatrice (2014). "Biology of the Extracellular Matrix". Journal of Glaucoma. 23 (8 Suppl 1): S20–S23. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000108. PMC 4185430. PMID 25275899.
- ^ a b c d Morita, Akimichi (December 2007). "Tobacco smoke causes premature skin aging". Journal of Dermatological Science. 48 (3): 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.06.015. ISSN 0923-1811. PMID 17951030.
- ^ a b Chen, Juanjuan; Liu, Yang; Zhao, Zhao; Qiu, Jie (October 2021). "Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection". International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 43 (5): 495–509. doi:10.1111/ics.12728. ISSN 0142-5463. PMID 34312881.
- ^ a b Tiwari, Budhi Sagar (April 2002). "Oxidative Stress Increased Respiration and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, Resulting in ATP Depletion, Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition, and Programmed Cell Death". Plant Physiology. 128 (4): 1271–1281. doi:10.1104/pp.010999. PMC 154255. PMID 11950976.
- ^ a b c Puri, Poonam; Nandar, Shashi Kumar; Kathuria, Sushruta; Ramesh, V. (2017-07-01). "Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 83 (4): 415–423. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.199579. ISSN 0378-6323. PMID 28195077.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Services, Department of Health & Human. "Smoking and oral health". www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ "Smoking and oral health". Oral Health Foundation. 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i CDCTobaccoFree (2022-03-30). "Health Effects of Smoking and Tobacco Use". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
