Nu metal

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For the alloy, see mu-metal. For "new metal" music, see Heavy metal music § Recent styles: mid–late 2000s, 2010s and 2020s.
Nu metal
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsMid-1990s, California, U.S.
Derivative forms
Fusion genres
Nu metalcore
Regional scenes
Other topics
New wave of American heavy metal

Nu metal (sometimes stylized as nü-metal) is a subgenre of alternative metal that combines elements of heavy metal music with elements of other music genres such as hip hop, funk, industrial, and grunge. Nu metal rarely features guitar solos or other displays of musical technique, and emphasizes rhythm with instrumentation that is heavily syncopated. Nu metal guitarists typically use seven-string guitars that are down-tuned to produce a heavier sound. Vocal styles are often rhythmic and influenced by hip hop, and include singing, rapping, screaming and sometimes growling. DJs are occasionally featured to provide instrumentation such as sampling, turntable scratching and electronic background music. Nu metal is one of the key genres of the new wave of American heavy metal.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, bands like Pantera, Helmet, and Faith No More were influential in the development of nu metal with their groove metal and alternative metal styles. Korn is often credited as pioneering the subgenre in the mid-1990s. Nu metal became popular in the late 1990s, with bands and artists such as Korn, Limp Bizkit, and Slipknot all releasing albums that sold millions of copies. Its popularity continued through the early 2000s, with bands such as Papa Roach, Staind, and P.O.D. all selling multi-platinum albums. The popularity of nu metal came to a peak with Linkin Park's diamond-selling album Hybrid Theory. By the mid-2000s, however, the oversaturation of bands combined with the underperformance of several high-profile releases led to the subgenre's decline, leading to the rise of metalcore and many nu metal bands disbanding or abandoning their established sound in favor of other genres.

The 2010s brought a nu metal revival; many bands that combined it with other genres (for example, metalcore and deathcore) emerged, and some nu metal bands from the 1990s and early 2000s returned to the nu metal sound. Bands such as Of Mice & Men, Emmure, Issues, My Ticket Home, and Bring Me the Horizon combined nu metal with metalcore or deathcore. Artists like Grimes, Poppy, and Rina Sawayama integrated nu metal sounds into electronic pop music in the late 2010s and early 2020s, and interest in nu metal rose in the early 2020s.

Characteristics and fashion

"Falling Away from Me" by Korn (1999)
Tim Grierson of About.com wrote that "Falling Away from Me" by Korn showed hip-hop influence through the use of staccato rhythms, textured guitar hooks, and distorted power chords.[2]
"Surfacing" by Slipknot (1999)
Citing the lyrics of the song's chorus, Karan Pradhan of Firstpost called Slipknot's "Surfacing" the "best encapsulation of the aggression, attitude, simplicity and indeed, the spirit of nu metal".[3]
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Terminology and origins

Nu metal is a subgenre of alternative metal.[4][5] Sometimes stylized as nü-metal,[6][7] the genre has also been dubbed aggro-metal.[4][8] MTV states that the early nu metal group Korn "arrived in 1993 into the burgeoning alternative metal scene, which would morph into nü-metal the way college rock became alternative rock."[5] Stereogum similarly said that nu metal was a "weird outgrowth of the Lollapalooza-era alt-metal scene".[9] Nu metal merges elements of heavy metal music[4][10][11] with elements of other music genres such as hip hop,[4][12] grunge, funk,[4][10][13][14][15][16] and alternative rock according to Blabbermouth.net.[17] Nu metal bands use many elements of heavy metal genres such as rap metal, groove metal, and funk metal.[4][13][18] Some nu metal bands, such as Static-X[19] and Dope,[20] made nu metal music with elements of industrial metal. In contrast with other heavy metal subgenres, nu metal tends to use the same structure of verses, choruses, and bridges as those in pop music.[21][22][23]

Musical characteristics

Instrumentation

Korn bassist Fieldy (pictured) cites bassists such as Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers and Les Claypool of Primus as influences.[5][24]

Instrumentation in nu metal is heavily syncopated and is based mostly on guitar riffs, with riffs often being inspired by groove metal.[7] Mid-song bridges and a general lack of guitar solos contrasts it with other genres of heavy metal.[7][25] Kory Grow of Revolver wrote, "... [i]n its efforts to tune down and simplify riffs, nu-metal effectively drove a stake through the heart of the guitar solo".[26] Another contrast with other heavy metal genres is nu metal's emphasis on rhythm, rather than on complexity or mood, often its rhythm sounds.[10] The wah pedal is occasionally featured in nu metal music.[26]

Nu metal bassists and drummers are often influenced by funk and hip hop, respectively, adding to nu metal's rhythmic nature.[27][28] Blast beats and double bass drumming, which are both common in heavy metal subgenres such as black metal, thrash metal and death metal, are uncommon in nu metal,[22] with drummers such as Slipknot's Joey Jordison and Mudvayne's Matt McDonough being notable exceptions.[29] Nu metal's similarities with many heavy metal subgenres include its use of common time, distorted guitars, and power chords and note structures primarily revolving around Dorian, Aeolian or Phrygian modes.[7] While loud and heavily distorted electric guitars are a core feature of all metal genres, nu metal guitarists took the sounds of "violence and destruction" to new levels with their overdriven guitar tone, which music journalists Kitts and Tolinski compared to the "...sound [of] a Mack truck being crushed by a collapsing skyscraper."[30]

Some nu metal bands use seven-string guitars[31] that are generally down-tuned,[22][32] rather than traditional six-string guitars.[13] Likewise, some bass guitarists use five-string and six-string instruments.[13][33] Bass guitar-playing in nu metal often features an emphasis on funk elements.[31] In nu metal music, DJs are sometimes featured to provide instrumentation such as sampling, turntable scratching and electronic backgrounds.[13] Nu metal tends to have hip hop grooves and rhythms.[25][21][31]

Vocals

Vocal styles used in nu metal music include singing,[21] rapping,[25][34] screaming[22][34] and growling.[34] Vocals in nu metal are often rhythmic and influenced by hip hop.[35] While some nu metal bands, such as Limp Bizkit[36] and Linkin Park,[37][38] have rapping in their music, other nu metal bands, such as Godsmack[39] and Staind,[40] do not.

Nu metal bands occasionally feature hip hop musicians as guests in their songs; Korn's song "Children of the Korn" features the rapper Ice Cube, who performed on the band's 1998 Family Values Tour.[41][42] The hip hop musician Nas was featured on Korn's song "Play Me", which is on the band's album Take a Look in the Mirror.[43] Limp Bizkit has recorded with multiple hip hop musicians including Method Man,[44] Lil Wayne,[45] Xzibit,[46] Redman,[46] DMX[47] and Snoop Dogg.[48] Linkin Park collaborated with hip hop musician Jay-Z on their 2004 extended play Collision Course.[49] Kid Rock has recorded with hip hop musicians Eminem[50] and Snoop Dogg.[51] Trevor Baker of The Guardian wrote, "Bands such as Linkin Park, Korn and even the much reviled Limp Bizkit ... did far more to break down the artificial barriers between 'urban music' and rock than any of their more critically acceptable counterparts."[52]

Lyrics

Lyrics in nu metal songs are often angry or nihilistic;[21][31][34] many of the genre's lyrics focus on topics such as pain,[15][34] angst,[25][34] bullying,[3] emotional issues,[3][31] abandonment,[3][31] betrayal,[3] and personal alienation,[15][34] in a way similar to those of grunge.[3][15][34][53] Many nu metal lyrics that are about these topics tend to be in a very direct tone.[31] However, some nu metal songs have lyrics that are about other topics. P.O.D. has used positive lyrics about promise and hope.[54] The nu metal[55] song "Bodies" by Drowning Pool is about moshing.[56] The Michigan Daily wrote about Limp Bizkit's lyrics, writing that the band "used the nu-metal sound as a way to spin testosterone fueled fantasies into snarky white-boy rap. Oddly, audiences took frontman Fred Durst more seriously than he wanted, failing to see the intentional silliness in many of his songs".[31] Limp Bizkit's lyrics have also been described as misogynistic.[57] Dope's lyrics are usually about sex, drugs, parties, women, violence, and relationships.[58] In contrast, according to Josh Chesler of the Phoenix New Times, the lyrics of Deftones, who were once considered a nu metal band, "tend to have complex allusions and leave the songs open to many different interpretations."[59]

Fashion

The Korn logo (stylized as KoЯn) became an iconic symbol of nu metal

Nu metal clothing typically consists of baggy pants,[26][60][61][62] shirts, and shorts,[25][63] JNCO jeans,[64][65] Adidas tracksuits,[65] sports jerseys,[66] baseball caps,[67] baggy hoodies,[62] cargo pants, and sweatpants.[68] Nu metal hairstyles and facial hairstyles include dreadlocks,[68] braids,[69] spiky hair,[60][66] chin beards,[61][68] bald heads,[68][70] goatees,[68] frosted tips,[62] and bleached or dyed hair.[60][68] Common accessories in nu metal fashion include wallet chains,[25][66][70] tattoos,[25][63][70] and piercings,[25][26][63][68] especially facial piercings.[62][70] Nu metal fashion has been compared to hip hop fashion.[26]

Some nu metal bands such as Motograter,[71] Mushroomhead,[72] Mudvayne,[73][74] and Slipknot[70][75] wear masks, jumpsuits, costumes, face paint, corpse paint or body paint. A few nu metal bands, such as Coal Chamber,[76] and Kittie[77] are known for having gothic appearances.

History

1980s–1993: Precursors and origins

Mike Patton of Faith No More and Mr. Bungle was a major influence on many nu metal vocalists due to his wide range of vocal styles.[78]

Thrash metal band Anthrax[79] was an influence on nu metal by combining hip hop and rap with heavy metal on their 1987 EP I'm the Man,[80] which laid groundwork for nu metal's development.[67] Nu metal bands often borrowed their heavy metal influence from Pantera, with the pioneering nu metal band Korn's lead vocalist Jonathan Davis said about Pantera guitarist Dimebag Darrell, "if there was no Dimebag Darrell, there would be no Korn".[81]

1993–1997: Early years

Joel McIver acknowledged Korn as the band that created and pioneered the nu metal genre with its demo Neidermayer's Mind, which was released in 1993.[82][83] McIver also acknowledged Korn as the band that started the new wave of American heavy metal,[82] which is a heavy metal music movement that started in the 1990s.[84][85] The aggressive riffs of Korn, the rapping of Limp Bizkit, and the melodic ballads of Staind created the sonic template for nu metal.[86] The origins of the term "nu metal" are often attributed to the work of producer Ross Robinson, who has been called "The Godfather of Nu Metal" between producers.[87] Robinson has produced for nu metal bands such as Korn,[88][89] Limp Bizkit[90] and Slipknot.[91][92] Many of the first nu metal bands, such as Korn[93] and Deftones,[94] came from California; however, the genre soon spread across the United States and many bands arose from various states, including Limp Bizkit from Florida,[86] Staind from Massachusetts,[95] and Slipknot from Iowa.[96] In the book Brave Nu World, Tommy Udo wrote about the nu metal band Coal Chamber, "There's some evidence to suggest that Coal Chamber were the first band to whom the tag 'nu metal' was actually applied, in a live review in Spin magazine."[97]

In 1994, Korn released their self-titled debut album, which is widely considered the first nu metal album.[98][99][100] Korn had experienced underground popularity at this time; their debut album peaked at number 72 on the Billboard 200.[101] In 1995, the band Sugar Ray released its debut studio album Lemonade and Brownies, an album described as both funk metal and nu metal.[102][103] In 1995, Deftones released their debut album Adrenaline. The album peaked at number 23 on the Heatseekers Albums chart on October 5, 1996.[104] Deftones also were temporarily controversial in 1996 when their vocalist Chino Moreno was blamed by TV news reports for a riot that occurred at the 1996 U-Fest festival.[105] Adrenaline was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the summer of 1999. It was also certified platinum by the RIAA in September 2008.[106]

"Headup" by Deftones featuring Max Cavalera (1997)
"Headup" by Deftones features Max Cavalera and was described by Decibel as Around the Fur's "most nü-metal track".[65]
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Sepultura's 1996 album Roots features nu metal elements that were considered influential to the genre,[107][108] while Roots itself was influenced by Korn's self-titled debut album.[107][109][110] Nu metal continued to rise in popularity when Korn's 1996 album Life Is Peachy peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200[101][111] and sold 106,000 copies in its first week of release.[112] Attention through Ozzy Osbourne's 1996 introduction of Ozzfest was integral to boosting the careers of many nu metal bands, including Limp Bizkit.[113]

1997–2001: Mainstream breakthrough

Few artists were playing nu metal until 1997 when bands such as Sevendust,[114] Coal Chamber,[115] Limp Bizkit,[116] and Papa Roach[117] all released their debut albums, in what Billboard writer William Goodman calls a "banner year" for the genre.[118] Limp Bizkit released their debut Three Dollar Bill, Y'all in July 1997.[118] The album's popularity grew in 1999 as the band's mainstream profile began to increase; in March of that year, it went platinum in the United States, and eventually went double platinum in July 2001.[119] Coal Chamber released its self-titled debut album in 1997, which was a minor hit, being certified gold in the United States in 1999.[120] The album was frequently compared to Korn,[121] and Coal Chamber's appearance on Ozzfest in 1996 gave the band attention. Coal Chamber appeared on Ozzfest during the next two years.[122] Also in 1997, Sugar Ray released its second studio album Floored. The album achieved mainstream success quickly and was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA on February 20, 1998.[123] Although Floored is a nu metal album,[124] the only song from the album that achieved chart success was the single "Fly",[125] which is instead a reggae-oriented song.[126] Although Sugar Ray continued to be extremely popular,[125] the band abandoned the nu metal genre and became a pop rock band with its 1999 studio album 14:59.[127] Deftones' second album Around the Fur, also released in 1997, peaked at number 29 on the Billboard 200 on November 15, 1997.[128] The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the summer of 1999, and certified platinum by the RIAA in June 2011.[129]

Korn bassist Reginald Arvizu and former drummer David Silveria performing live with the band in 1997.

In 1998, nu metal's popularity fully coalesced into mainstream success. Billboard cited August 18, 1998, as the "Biggest Day in Nu-Metal History", which saw the release of Korn's third album Follow the Leader, Kid Rock's major label debut Devil Without a Cause and Orgy's debut album Candyass.[130] Follow the Leader peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200,[101] was certified 5× platinum by the RIAA,[131] and paved the way for the success of other nu metal bands.[52] At this point, many nu metal bands were signed to major record labels,[4] and were using elements of heavy metal, hip hop, industrial, or grunge.[4] Hip hop artists Vanilla Ice[132][133] and Cypress Hill,[134] along with heavy metal bands Sepultura,[107][108][132] Primus,[135][136] Fear Factory,[132][137] Machine Head,[138][139] and Slayer[140] released albums that draw from the nu metal genre. In 1999, Korn's fourth studio album Issues peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200.[101][141] The album was certified 3× platinum by the RIAA in one month.[142] The album sold at least 573,000 copies in its first week of release.[141] During the late 1990s and early 2000s, multiple nu metal bands such as Korn,[143][144] Limp Bizkit[145][146] and P.O.D.[147][148] appeared repeatedly on Total Request Live. As nu metal became popular, it especially appealed to certain groups of young people. Although Limp Bizkit was particularly popular among "jocks" and fraternity men due to its hedonistic, hypermasculine lyrics,[149] many other nu metal bands, especially the bands with heavier music, instead appealed particularly to mall goths and outsiders who identified with the genre's typically angsty lyrics.[150][151]

The Woodstock 1999 festival featured multiple nu metal artists and bands such as Korn, Limp Bizkit and Sevendust.[152][153][154] During and after Limp Bizkit's performance at the festival, violence occurred and people tore plywood from the walls during the performance of the band's song "Break Stuff".[155][156] Several sexual assaults were reported to have happened during the festival;[157] a rape that was reported during Limp Bizkit's performance, and gang rape was reported to have occurred during Korn's set at the festival.[158] Despite the incidents at the festival, Limp Bizkit's popularity and the sales of their then-recent album Significant Other were not affected.[155] The album peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 643,874 copies in its first week of release, topping over one million sold in two weeks,[159] and eventually being certified 7× platinum in 2001.[160] Significant Other sold at least 7,237,123 copies in the United States.[161]

Slipknot performing in Buenos Aires in 2005

In 1999, Slipknot emerged with an extremely heavy nu metal sound, releasing their self-titled album, which was certified platinum in 2000 and 2× platinum in 2005.[162] In a review of the band's self-titled album, Rick Anderson of AllMusic wrote about Slipknot, "You thought Limp Bizkit was hard? They're the Osmonds. These guys are something else entirely." Anderson noted the death metal influence on the album.[163] Slipknot drummer Joey Jordison, noted by Anderson for his death metal-influenced drumming,[163] said of Slipknot's music: "The roots are death metal, thrash, speed metal, and I could go on and on about all those bands."[164]

Disturbed performing in 2005

In 1999, Staind's second album Dysfunction was released; the track "Mudshovel" peaked at number 10 on the Mainstream Rock chart.[165] Dysfunction was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2000 and 2× platinum in 2004.[166] In 2000, Limp Bizkit's third studio album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water set a record for highest week-one sales of a rock album, selling over 1,000,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release—400,000 of which sold on its first day of release, making it the fastest-selling rock album ever and breaking the world record held for seven years by Pearl Jam's Vs.[167] Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water by Limp Bizkit was certified 6× platinum by the RIAA.[168] That same year, both Papa Roach's second studio album Infest[169] and Disturbed's debut studio album The Sickness[170] were released. Both albums became multi-platinum hits.[171][172] In 2000, P.O.D.'s album The Fundamental Elements of Southtown went platinum in the United States[173] and was the 143rd best-selling album of 2000.[174] During the late 1990s and early 2000s, many nu metal bands performed at Ozzfest, including Kittie, Disturbed, Mudvayne, Linkin Park, Slipknot, Papa Roach, Otep, Static-X, Methods of Mayhem, Taproot and Drowning Pool.[175][176] Ozzfest was successful, with Ozzfest 2000, for example, selling out and having 19,000 audience members.[176] During that same year, nu metal bands like Papa Roach and Limp Bizkit joined rappers like Eminem and Xzibit on Eminem's Anger Management Tour, which had sold-out concerts.[177]

Linkin Park in 2006

Late in 2000, Linkin Park released their debut album Hybrid Theory, which was the best-selling debut album by any artist of any genre in the 21st century and nu metal's popularity peak.[178] The album was also the best-selling album of 2001.[179][180] Linkin Park earned a Grammy Award for their second single "Crawling".[181] Their fourth single, "In the End", was released late in 2001 and peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 2002.[182][183] In 2001, Linkin Park's album Hybrid Theory sold 4,800,000 copies in the United States, making it the highest-selling album of the year.[179][180] Linkin Park's album Hybrid Theory was certified 12× platinum by the RIAA[184] and sold at least 10,222,000 copies in the United States.[185]

Aaron Lewis, the vocalist of Staind, performing in August 2001

Crazy Town's debut album The Gift of Game peaked at number 9 on the Billboard 200,[186] went platinum in February 2001,[187] and sold at least 1,500,000 copies in the United States.[188] Worldwide, the album sold at least 2,500,000 copies.[189] Staind's 2001 album Break the Cycle debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200[165] with at least 716,000 copies sold in its first week of release.[95][190][191] Break the Cycle by Staind was certified 5× platinum by the RIAA,[192] with 4,240,000 copies sold in 2001 in the United States.[180] Although the album featured nu metal tracks, a lot of the album showed Staind moving to a softer sound.[193] Noting Staind's change in style to a softer sound, Tommy Udo of Brave Nu World wrote: "It's often said that nobody over the age of 24 could possibly like Limp Bizkit or Korn, but Staind are a more mainstream band and their songs are likely to appeal to a much bigger fanbase."[194]

In August 2001, Slipknot released their album Iowa, which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200[195] and went platinum in October 2001.[196] Critic John Mulvey called the album the "absolute triumph of nu metal".[197] P.O.D.'s 2001 album Satellite went triple-platinum[198] and peaked at number 6 on the Billboard 200.[199] P.O.D.'s popularity continued in the year 2002.[200] On June 5, 2001,[201] Drowning Pool released a nu metal album[202] titled Sinner, which features the song "Bodies".[203] The album went platinum on August 23, 2001[201] and its song "Bodies" became one of the most frequently played videos on MTV for new bands.[204] "Bodies" went to number 6 on the Mainstream Rock chart.[205] In 2001, System of a Down's album Toxicity peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200.[206] The album was certified 6× platinum in the United States.[207] System of a Down blended nu metal with occasional influences of Middle Eastern music, Greek music, Armenian music, and jazz music,[208] and the band featured political lyrics.[209]

2001–2004: Continued success and early signs of decline

In 2003, MTV wrote that nu metal's mainstream popularity was declining in 2002, citing that Korn's fifth album Untouchables and Papa Roach's third album Lovehatetragedy both sold less than the bands' previous releases.[210] Korn's lead vocalist Jonathan Davis believed music piracy was the reason for the lower amount of sales of Untouchables compared to Follow the Leader and Issues because Untouchables had been leaked to the Internet more than four months before its official release date.[211][212] MTV also wrote that nu metal bands were played less frequently on radio stations and MTV began focusing on other musical genres.[35][210] MTV wrote that Papa Roach's third album Lovehatetragedy has less hip hop elements than the band's previous album Infest[210] and also said that Saliva's 2002 album Back into Your System has less hip hop elements than the band's 2001 album Every Six Seconds.[6] MTV also wrote that Crazy Town's second album Darkhorse had no hit singles and sold less than the band's previous album The Gift of Game.[6] MTV wrote that although Kid Rock's album Cocky had characteristics of the musician's 1998 album Devil Without a Cause, Cocky's song "Forever", which featured the style of Kid Rock's nu metal[59] song "Bawitdaba", was not as popular as Cocky's country song "Picture".[6] MTV also wrote, "Another cause for nü-metal and rap-rock's slip from the spotlight could be a diluted talent pool caused by so many similar-sounding bands. American Head Charge, Primer 55, Adema, Cold, the Union Underground, Dope, Apartment 26, Hed (Planet Earth) and Skrape—all of whom released albums between 2000 and 2001—left more of a collective impression than individual ones".[6]

Despite what MTV wrote, the RIAA certified Korn's album Untouchables platinum in July 2002,[213] and one of the album's singles, "Here to Stay", received a lot of radio play[210] and peaked at number one on MTV's Total Request Live twice.[214] Untouchables sold at least 434,000 copies in first week of release and peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200.[215][216] However, Untouchables still did not sell as many copies as Korn's most commercially successful album, Follow the Leader.[65][210] Linkin Park's remix album Reanimation was released in July 2002[217] and sold more than a million copies that year, which MTV described as "impressive for a remix album".[200] Additionally, P.O.D.'s popularity continued into 2002 with its 2001 album Satellite.

In 2003, Linkin Park's album Meteora peaked at number 1 on the Billboard 200[218] and sold at least 810,000 copies in its first week of being released.[219] Meteora by Linkin Park was certified multi-platinum in the United States[220] and sold at least 6,100,000 copies in the United States.[221] Limp Bizkit's 2003 album Results May Vary, which features a change in sound with many alternative rock songs[222] alongside nu metal songs,[223] peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200,[224] with sales of at least 325,000 copies in its first week of being released. In 2004, Blabbermouth.net reported that, according to Nielsen SoundScan, Results May Vary sold 1,337,356 copies in the United States.[225] However, the album garnered very poor critical reception[226] and consequently performed much weaker than previous Limp Bizkit albums such as Significant Other and Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water.[227] Korn's 2003 album Take a Look in the Mirror sold less than previous Korn albums like Issues and Untouchables.[227] Despite the ongoing decline of the genre, several international bands began to experience success with nu metal, such as Three Days Grace from Canada, and Lostprophets from Wales. Three Days Grace managed to land a hit single in April 2003 with the song "I Hate Everything About You",[228] while Lostprophets managed a hit single in December 2003 with the song "Last Train Home",[229] becoming the highest-charting single from a UK-based rock band that year.[230] The Lostprophets' 2004 album Start Something was successful,[231][232] peaking at number 4 on the UK Album Charts[233] and number 33 on the U.S. Billboard 200.[234]

2004–2010: Further decline and new directions

Although nu metal's popularity survived into 2002 and 2003, much of it had dropped significantly by 2004.[65][227][235][236][237][238] By this point in time, indie and garage rock revival bands such as the Strokes,[239] The White Stripes,[240] and Jet[227] were achieving mainstream success as nu metal's popularity started to decline, and by the mid-late 2000s, the popularity of emo exceeded that of nu metal.[15] Also during this time, metalcore, a fusion of extreme metal and hardcore punk, became one of the most popular genres in the new wave of American heavy metal, with the success of bands like Killswitch Engage, Shadows Fall, God Forbid, Unearth, Trivium, and Bullet for My Valentine. Groove metal band Lamb of God also became successful in the heavy metal genre. Stephen Hill of Louder Sound called the rise of metalcore after the decline of nu metal "the metalcore revolution".[241]

By 2004, several nu metal bands had begun to experiment with other genres to adapt to the changes in trends. Linkin Park's third studio album Minutes to Midnight, released in 2007, was noted for its near-complete departure from the band's nu metal sound.[242] Describing the album's style, singer Chester Bennington stated, "We've really moved away from anything that sounds like nu-metal."[243] Nu metal bands such as Disturbed,[244][245] Soulfly, Drowning Pool,[202] and Slipknot[246] had begun to utilize heavier elements of groove metal, death metal and thrash metal into their music.[247][248] Similarly to Limp Bizkit; Staind and Papa Roach had also begun experimenting with Alternative Rock into their sound.[249][250] Staind's 2003 album 14 Shades of Grey was significantly less heavy than previous albums[251] and shows the band's departure from nu metal and a movement towards a lighter sound.[252] Papa Roach abandoned the nu metal genre entirely with their 2004 album Getting Away with Murder,[253] moving to a hard rock style.[254][255] System of a Down released two albums in 2005, Mezmerize and Hypnotize. Both did well commercially and critically, but the band took a more alternative metal approach to the two albums compared to their past three efforts.[256] In 2005, Limp Bizkit released an EP called The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) which had little promotion and advertising.[257] The album was not very popular;[258] its sales fell 67% during its second week of release.[259] In 2006, Limp Bizkit went on hiatus.[257] In 2012, vocalist Fred Durst said:

"Here's the deal: say in 2000, there were 35 million people who connected to this band. Twelve years later, lots of those people have moved on. We were a moment in time and it's over."[260]

2010–2020: Underground revival

Of Mice & Men is one of several metalcore bands that added elements of nu metal to later albums.

During the mid-2010s, there was a discussion within media of a possible nu metal revival because of bands fusing nu metal with other genres.[261] Despite the lack of radio play and popularity, some nu metal bands recaptured some of their former popularity as they released albums in a nu metal style. Many metalcore and deathcore groups[262] gained moderate popularity in the 2010s and used elements from nu metal. This fusion is nu metalcore.[263] Suicide Silence's 2011 album The Black Crown, which features elements of nu metal and deathcore,[264] peaked at number 28 on the Billboard 200.[265][266] In 2014, Issues' self-titled debut album peaked at number 9 on the same chart.[267] The album features elements of metalcore, nu metal, pop and R&B.[268] Of Mice & Men's 2014 album Restoring Force, which features elements of nu metal,[269] peaked at number 4 on the Billboard 200.[270] Bring Me the Horizon, often described as a metalcore band, released their fifth album That's the Spirit, which peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200, in 2015.[271] The album draws from multiple genres including nu metal[272][273] and would experiment further with nu metal on their 2020 album Post Human: Survival Horror. The band's keyboardist has described them as a nu metal band.[274] Motionless In White in Graveyard Shift and Disguise features elements of industrial, gothic, metalcore and nu metal.[275]

Some media outlets viewed a nu metal revival as beginning in the 2010s with groups like Blood Youth, Cane Hill,[276] Stray From The Path, Sworn In, DangerKids, Islander,[277] and Blind Channel.[278] Within this movement, nu metalcore became increasingly prominent through the popularity of groups like Vein.fm, Loathe and Code Orange. According to PopMatters writer Ethan Stewart, Code Orange's 2017 album Forever led to nu metalcore becoming "one of the most prominent flavors of contemporary metal".[276]

2020–present: Mainstream revival and influence on other genres

While some media outlets believed these 2010s artists marked the start of a nu metal revival, Metal Hammer writer Dannii Leivers cited the aforementioned groups as simply hinting towards a revival, instead claiming a revival began in 2021, "a crop of young revivalists... looking to put a brand-new spin on the music of their formative years", namely Tetrarch.[279] Other notable acts in this wave include Tallah, Orthodox, Vended, and Wargasm.[280][281]

Poppy incorporated nu metal into electropop on her albums I Disagree and Am I a Girl?

Electronic and art pop singer-songwriters incorporated nu metal into their sound in the late 2010s and early 2020s.[282][283][284] Poppy has incorporated nu metal on her albums Am I a Girl?[285] and I Disagree,[286] Grimes on album Miss Anthropocene[287] and Rina Sawayama on Sawayama.[288] The songs "We Appreciate Power" and "Play Destroy" were pioneering examples.[289][285] Poppy has described this fusion as "nu-Poppy" or "Poppymetal".[290] I Disagree received critical acclaim for this fusion, with single "Bloodmoney" nominated for the 2021 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance, making her the first female solo artist to be nominated for the award in its history.[291] Dorian Electra incorporated nu metal influences on their album My Agenda,[292] as did Ashnikko on Demidevil, particularly on single "Cry".[282][293] The Guardian noted that these mostly female artists have revived nu metal, a mostly male genre, and successfully adapted it to showcase a female perspective. Rina Sawayama said "metal itself lends itself to toxic masculine tropes, but it's also almost taking the piss out of a very masculine expression of emotion".[294] Smaller bands have also rose to the scene in the early 2020s with the genre, including London-based Wargasm, who have been "validated by the nu-metal daddies," after Korn vocalist Jonathan Davis described them as "his new favourite band."[295]

In the early 2020s, several media outlets noted that nu metal has undergone a resurgence in interest among Generation Z listeners.[296][297][298][299] In 2023, Google Searches for the term "nu metal" were reported as being at their highest in "nearly 20 years".[300] Deftones and Slipknot began gaining popularity among Generation Z in the early 2020s when their music was featured in videos on the app TikTok.[150] Also, several nu metal bands returned and released new music after decades like Staind,[301] Adema,[302] Alien Ant Farm[303] and Kittie.[304]

Legacy

Reception

Despite its popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s, nu metal has often been criticized by many fans of heavy metal music,[52][60] often being labelled with derogatory terms such as "mallcore" and "whinecore".[21] Gregory Heaney of AllMusic called nu metal "one of metal's more unfortunate pushes into the mainstream".[305] Lucy Jones of NME called nu metal "the worst genre of all time".[67] In Metal: The Definitive Guide : Heavy, NWOBH, Progressive, Thrash, Death ... , Garry Sharpe-Young described nu metal as "a dumbed-down and—thankfully short[-]lived exercise".[306] When Machine Head moved to the nu metal genre with their album The Burning Red and their vocalist Robb Flynn spiked his hair in the fashion of many nu metal musicians, the band were accused of "selling out" and many fans criticized their change of appearance and musical style.[138][307] Machine Head's drummer Dave McClain said, "Pissing people off isn't a bad thing, you know? For people to be narrow-minded is bad ... [i]t doesn't bother us at all, we know we're going to piss people off with this record, but some people hopefully will actually sit down and listen to the whole record".[138] Robb Flynn, Machine Head's vocalist, said

There's a minute and a half of rapping on that album. The other 53 minutes of the record are like a giant scar being ripped open while I projectile-vomit through it. If all that people got out of [The Burning Red] was rap-metal, then they didn't fucking listen to it.[138]

Jonathan Davis, the vocalist of Korn, spoke about the criticism of nu metal from heavy metal fans, saying:

There's a lot of closed-minded metal purists that would hate something because it's not true to metal or whatever, but Korn has never been a metal band, dude. We're not a metal band. We've always been looked at as what they called the nu-metal thing. But we've always been the black sheep and we never fitted into that kind of thing so ... We're always ever evolving, and we always piss fans off and we're gaining other fans and it is how it is.[308]

Lamb of God's vocalist Randy Blythe criticized the nu metal genre and spoke about its loss of popularity in 2004, saying: "Nu-metal sucks, so that's why that's dying off. And I think... people are ready for angrier music. I think people are ready for something that's real, not, you know, 'I did it all for the nookie.'"[309] Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine said he would "rather have his eyelids pulled out" than listen to nu metal.[310] Guitarist Gary Holt of Exodus and Slayer said that he "was so glad about" the decline of nu metal.[311]

Some musicians who influenced nu metal have tried to distance themselves from the subgenre and its bands. Mike Patton, the vocalist of Faith No More and Mr. Bungle, tried to distance himself from the subgenre and criticized it,[312] even though he is featured on the song "Lookaway" on Sepultura's album Roots, which is often considered a nu metal album.[313] Patton said of his music's influence on nu metal, "I feel no responsibility for that, it's their mothers' fault, not mine".[314] Helmet frontman Page Hamilton said, "It's frustrating that people write [us] off because we're affiliated with or credited with or discredited with creating nu-metal and rap metal ... which we sound nothing like".[315]

Although Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails has said he knows some Korn members and that he thinks they are "cool guys",[316] he also criticized nu metal, saying:

When I'm asked what do I think of a lot of the nu-metal bands that are out there, my response is that it seems really insincere to me. 'I've had a really shitty childhood and I'm really upset and I'm really ugly and I've put a lot of make-up on and I'm harder and faster and my voice sounds more like the cookie monster's than yours does'. To me it all comes across as being comical, as being a parody of itself.[317]

In response to reports that Fred Durst, lead singer of Limp Bizkit, is a big fan of Tool, the latter's vocalist Maynard James Keenan said, "If the lunch-lady in high school hits on you, you appreciate the compliment, but you're not really gonna start dating the lunch-lady, are ya?"[318] While Durst has cited Rage Against the Machine as a major influence,[319][320] Rage Against the Machine's bassist Tim Commerford is open about his hatred of Limp Bizkit, describing them as "one of the dumbest bands in the history of music".[321] At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, Limp Bizkit won the Best Rock Video category for their song "Break Stuff", beating Rage Against the Machine's "Sleep Now in the Fire".[320] When Limp Bizkit accepted their award, Commerford went on stage and climbed 20 ft (6 m) up a backdrop, rocking back and forth.[320][322] After the incident, Commerford was arrested and spent a night in jail.[320][321] Commerford said in 2015, "I do apologize for Limp Bizkit. I really do. I feel really bad that we inspired such bullshit ... They're gone, though. That's the beautiful thing."[319][320]

"After Korn's 'Follow the Leader' blew the whole movement into orbit in 1998, nu-metal produced some ridiculous bands, to be sure. And to be fair, plenty of them dwelled in the realms of corny rap-rock and dull alternative radio rock with the occasional heavy riff or tendency to scream, making their designation as 'metal' quite dubious indeed ... [b]ut the movement also produced plenty of heavier bands with primarily metal influences".

Metal Underground on nu metal's association with heavy metal.[323]

Jody MacGregor of FasterLouder called nu metal "music's most hated genre"; conversely, he also wrote that nu metal is "not as bad as people think", praising several examples of the genre.[324] Although multiple nu metal musicians rejected the nu metal label, Limp Bizkit's vocalist Fred Durst defended it, saying "Nu metal let people open up and it meant something to people. It really did."[325] Slipknot's vocalist Corey Taylor, also defended nu metal, saying "I'd like to think that that whole nu-metal wave was so important to that next wave of American heavy metal, to be honest."[326] Coal Chamber's vocalist Dez Fafara also defended nu metal. He said he is proud to be associated with the subgenre[17] and that nu metal bands "broke new musical ground" saying, "I think 'hair metal' was cheesy. [But] I think 'nu metal' was different. I think what's beautiful about 'nu metal' is it's different. And you've got so many different influences."[327] The Smashing Pumpkins vocalist Billy Corgan praised nu metal, saying "I think it's fantastic. I think the more people are cross-pollinating between different musical styles… it not only has musical implications but it has cultural ones as well."[328] Sevendust vocalist Lajon Witherspoon, when asked about the 2020s resurgence of the genre, also spoke highly: "It's funny. I don't mind being in that category because I feel it's awesome that music is resurging and we're not letting a movement get away from us and get so far away that we don't even like it or listen to it anymore."[329]

Jack Porter of The Michigan Daily defended nu metal, writing

Unfortunately, some barriers prevent listeners from understanding nu-metal bands apart from the identity that genre label has given them—picture a bone-headed suburban white kid sporting a backwards baseball cap. What used to be a descriptor for a specific strain of alternative metal turned into a ghetto for every band that a) plays extremely heavy yet radio-friendly music and b) sucks. Because the genre came to be defined by its lack of quality, many 'serious' music fans have missed out on what it has to offer.[31]

Rejection of nu metal label by nu metal musicians

Some nu metal musicians have rejected the label nu metal and have tried to distance themselves from it. Slipknot prefer to distance themselves from other nu metal groups, describing their music as "metal metal" and equating their link to nu metal as a coincidence of their time of emergence.[330]

Jonathan Davis had originally rejected the nu metal label, saying "We're not 'rap rock,' we're not 'nu-metal' ... We might have invented a new genre of heavy music or rock, but I believe the term 'nu-metal' was made up for all the bands that followed us. Those guys to me are nu-metal. And we're just Korn."[35] In 2014, Davis spoke about the nu metal label, saying:

I've always rejected [Korn's pigeonholing] into some kind of genre that we helped create. It seems like when a band comes out and we do something new and something different, that's all great. When a whole bunch of bands jump on the bandwagon and start copying what that one band did, then it gets called something and those bands are cheap knockoffs of what the original thing was. So, to me, that's why I never liked the 'nu metal' term.[331]

Davis has since become more accepting of the term. In a 2019 interview, he remarked, "If we invented nu-metal then fuck yeah, cool. It's pretty cool to say we helped invent some kind of movement, that's pretty insane."[332]

Staind's vocalist Aaron Lewis rejected the nu metal label, saying, "If we get called a 'nu metal' band one more time, I don't even know what I'm going to do!"[40] In 2003, Chino Moreno, vocalist of Deftones, rejected the nu metal label saying "We told motherfuckers not to lump us in with nu metal because when those bands go down we aren't going to be with them".[333] As Deftones abandoned the nu metal sound of their early work, Moreno tried to distance himself from nu metal bands and began to criticize the bands and their albums, including Korn's 2002 album Untouchables; he said, "As Korn go on, it's the same things—bad childhoods and mean moms. It gets too old after a while. How old is Jonathan [Davis]? Thirty? How long has it been since he lived with his parents?"[334][335] Davis responded saying, "Obviously, Chino hasn't listened to the words on the rest of my albums because they're nothing about my parents or my childhood."[335] Moreno also said, "A big problem for me was opening for Limp Bizkit and Linkin Park, two bands that wouldn't exist if it weren't for me, straight up!".[334] Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park spoke about the nu metal label in an interview with NME, saying "We never held the flag for nu-metal—it was associated with frat rock. Arrogant, misogynistic, and full of testosterone; we were reacting against that."[336][337] Wes Borland of Limp Bizkit said that he "never liked or condoned" the term "nu metal" in any way, and said he does not understand "how so many bands that sound nothing alike can be put into" the nu metal genre.[338] Mike Wengren of Disturbed said that he doesn't think Disturbed "were ever a nu-metal band to begin with".[339]

Chester Bennington of Linkin Park initially disliked the band being labeled as nu metal, saying in 2007, "I know that we kind of helped create, I guess, the sound of that genre, but I hate that genre. I'm not going to speak for everyone, but I can personally tell you that I am not a big fan of almost everybody in that category. There are a few bands that I don't really believe belong in there, and we're one of those bands."[243] However, by 2012 Bennington said he accepted the nu metal label:

I think for the first time in our history, we're actually OK with being recognized as a nu metal band, especially for what we did early in our careers because the truth is that when we were first doing it, nobody else really was, especially in terms of the hip-hop thing.[340]

Association with heavy metal

In addition to criticizing nu metal, many heavy metal musicians have rejected nu metal as a legitimate subgenre of heavy metal, saying it is not "true heavy metal".[323][341] Some nu metal musicians have tried to distance themselves from being heavy metal at all. For example, Korn's Jonathan Davis rejected the "heavy metal" label.[308][342][343] When talking with Vice, Davis spoke about Korn being called a heavy metal band, saying, "I never thought of us to be metal to begin with. Yeah, we're heavy and downtuned, but metal, to me, is like Judas Priest and Iron Maiden. That's metal, man. I always thought of us as a funk band. That funky, groovy shit."[342] Godsmack's vocalist Sully Erna also rejected the "heavy metal" label and said he views Godsmack as a hard rock band.[344][345] Linkin Park's vocalist Chester Bennington, though eventually accepting of the nu metal label,[340] had expressed some disagreement with his band being labeled a heavy metal or nu metal group because he felt the term limited the scope of the band's actual style, particularly on their later albums. He elaborated:

[We] wanted to make clear from the very beginning when we were kind of tagged as a 'nu metal' band. Not that we have anything against metal ... [w]e aren't just one thing. So there are elements of the band that are metal, there are elements of the band that are pop, there are elements that are electronic, and hip-hop as well. And we've kind of always felt like we weren't bound to just one genre. So after we made Hybrid Theory and Meteora, we really wanted to take risks beyond what we had already done on those first two records, creatively, and show the world that we can do a lot more than just make nu-metal songs.[346]

See also

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Bibliography

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