LATAM Airlines Brasil
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| Founded |
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| Commenced operations |
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| AOC # | 13,221 (November 24, 2023)[2] | ||||||
| Hubs | |||||||
| Focus cities | |||||||
| Frequent-flyer program | LATAM Pass | ||||||
| Fleet size | 153[citation needed] | ||||||
| Destinations | 93 | ||||||
| Parent company | LATAM Airlines Group | ||||||
| Headquarters | São Paulo, Brazil | ||||||
| Key people | Jerome Cadier (CEO) | ||||||
| Founder | Rolim Amaro | ||||||
| Revenue |  US10.7 billion (2017) | ||||||
| Net income | US$109.4 million (2017) | ||||||
| Website | www | ||||||
LATAM Airlines Brasil, formerly TAM Linhas Aéreas,[3][4] is the Brazilian brand of LATAM Airlines Group operating international and domestic flights from hubs in Brasília, Fortaleza, and São Paulo.[5] According to the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC), between January and December 2023, LATAM had 37.8% of the domestic, and 18.2% of the international market share in terms of passenger-kilometers flown,[6] making it the largest domestic and largest international airline in Brazil.
TAM Linhas Aéreas was Brazil's and Latin America's largest airline before the takeover by Chilean airline LAN Airlines.[7][8] Its headquarters were in São Paulo,[9] operating scheduled services to destinations within Brazil, as well as international flights to Europe and other parts of North and South America. Shares in the company were traded on the São Paulo Exchange (BM&F Bovespa) and New York Stock Exchange as "TAM".[10] Prior to the merger with LAN, the company closed its capital, transferring its shares to LATAM Airlines Group. In August 2015, it was announced that the two airlines would fully rebrand as LATAM, with one livery to be applied on all aircraft by 2018.[11][12] The airline withdrew from the Star Alliance and joined Oneworld, effective from March 31, 2014.[13] The carrier left Oneworld on May 1, 2020.[14]
The word "TAM" is an acronym for "Transportes Aéreos Marília", which dates back to the company's origins as a regional aviation company founded in Marília, in the state of São Paulo.
History
The Origins: TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília
TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília and TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais were two different entities, although both belonged to the TAM Group. TAM – Marília, an air taxi company founded on February 21, 1961 at the city of Marília, provided the start-up infrastructure for TAM – Regionais.
TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK)
On November 11, 1975, the Government of Brazil created the Brazilian Integrated System of Regional Air Transportation and divided the country in to five different regions, for which five newly created regional airlines received a concession to operate air services. Founded by Rolim Adolfo Amaro,[15] TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais S/A was the third of those regional airlines to be made operational. Its services started on July 12, 1976, and its operational area comprised parts of the Southeast and Central West regions of Brazil, specifically the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, and parts of Mato Grosso, and São Paulo plus the possibility of serving the cities of Cuiabá, Rio de Janeiro, Londrina, Maringá, and Brasília when linking them to its area of concession.[16]
TAM – Linhas Aéreas Regionais was formed as a joint-venture between TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília, and VASP which was then a state-owned airline. The airline received the IATA code KK[17] on October 13, 1999. The new airline flew Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirantes at first, but these proved grossly inadequate for the task at hand, and even at full capacity needed to be subsidized by the government in order to be profitable.
TAM went on to purchase three used Fokker F27 turboprops, which were subsequently refurbished by Fokker in the Netherlands. In order to obtain the import authorization for the aircraft, a deal was struck with the government in which TAM was forced to maintain three Bandeirantes for every F27, as well as removing five seats from each one, bringing the F27's capacity down to 40 passengers. A fourth F27, previously owned by Air New Zealand, was added to the TAM fleet in 1981. By 1983, TAM had acquired 10 F27s. By 1981, TAM had flown 1 million passengers, and 2 million by 1984.
TAM (KK) joint operations with TAM (JJ)
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Under financial stress, the company went public in August 1986, and began floating stock in the market. The same year, TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK) acquired another regional airline, VOTEC, which operated in areas of northern and central Brazil. VOTEC was then renamed Brasil Central Linhas Aéreas. TAM and Brasil Central were both regional airlines and operated in different designated areas. They, however, operated as a consortium with integrated networks and fleet, with the most notable differences being the flight number IATA codes (whereas TAM had the IATA code KK, Brasil Central operated with the code JJ inherited from VOTEC), the different color schemes of the aircraft, and their designated areas of operation. In 1988, TAM flew its 3 millionth passenger.
On May 15, 1990, the Brazilian Government lifted restrictions on operational areas of regional airlines allowing them to fly anywhere in Brazil. As a consequence, Brasil Central was renamed TAM - Transportes Aéreos Meridionais, acquired the same color scheme of TAM (KK) but maintained the IATA code JJ.
In 2000, TAM (KK) was merged into TAM (JJ) and TAM (JJ) was renamed TAM Transportes Aéreos. The code JJ was maintained and the code KK was released back to IATA.
Despite TAM's success in the market, it was evident the airline would not last long when competing against airlines such as Varig and VASP, both of which already possessed Boeing 737s in their fleet. Amaro then tried to buy VASP, which was about to be privatized and called the project "Revolution". Having lost the bid, he opted for slower growth with the gradual addition of new aircraft, re-dubbed "Evolution".
Consolidation of Services
On September 15, 1989, TAM arranged for the acquisition of two Fokker 100 jets. Like the F27s before them, TAM did not actually purchase these aircraft but used Amaro's credibility to arrange for a third-party asset management company, Guinness Peat Aviation, to purchase them and subsequently lease them back to TAM. Two more were added in 1991. In 1992, TAM carried its 8 millionth passenger. By 1993, through the use of the Fokker 100 fleet, which now numbered at 14, TAM was serving 56 cities in Brazil.
In 1996, TAM bought another airline, Helisul Linhas Aéreas, which used the trade name of TAM. In 1997, TAM ordered its first large jets; the airline ordered 45 planes from Airbus, including 10 A330s, 4 A319s, and 34 A320s. In 1997, the Airbuses began to be delivered and the airline flew its first international service from São Paulo to Miami International Airport. In 1998, TAM purchased the passenger division of Itapemirim Transportes Aéreos.
Two years later, in 1999, services to Europe were inaugurated through a code share service with Air France, to Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. In 2000, the airline was renamed TAM Linhas Aéreas. Long running discussions to merge with Varig ended in 2004. In 2008, TAM transported 30,144,000 passengers, with an average load factor of 71%.[18] As of 2010, the airline is owned by the Amaro family (46.25%), Amaro Aviation Part (3.52%), treasury stocks (0.27%), and minority shareholders (49.96%). It employed 24,000 staff.[18] On May 13, 2010, TAM became the 27th member of Star Alliance.[19] David Barioni served as the airline's president from 2007 to 2009.[20][21]
In 2009, TAM decided to replace its Passenger Service System provided by Sabre, known as Sabresonic, with the Altéa platform from Amadeus.[22] The migration to Altéa was completed in the first quarter of 2010.[23]
On March 30, 2011, TAM signed a letter of intentions to purchase up to 31% of the shares of TRIP Linhas Aéreas, a regional airline which code-shares with TAM since 2004.[24] A final decision had however been postponed;[25] and finally, in February 2012, the purchase agreement was not renewed. On May 28, 2012, TRIP was sold to Azul Brazilian Airlines.[26] Code-sharing operations ended on March 28, 2013.[27]
On December 21, 2009, TAM Linhas Aéreas purchased Pantanal Linhas Aéreas. At that time, TAM decided to maintain Pantanal as a separate airline within the TAM Group integrated into the network of TAM.[28] Starting August 1, 2011, Pantanal operated flights on behalf of TAM, all with origin and destination at São-Paulo-Congonhas Airport. On March 26, 2013, Brazilian authorities approved the incorporation of all Pantanal assets by TAM and Pantanal ceased to exist.[29] The incorporation process was completed on August 23, 2013.[30]
In January 2013, the Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre (JACDEC) determined that TAM Linhas Aéreas had the second-worst safety record in the world. The ratings take into account the number and deadliness of the hull losses (destroyed airplanes) they have suffered in the past 30 years, how they have fared more recently, and how many flights they have flown without incident. The results do not take into account the cause of the hull losses, or whether the airline is at fault, so they are not a perfect measure of how safely an airline behaves.[31]
The creation of LATAM Airlines Group
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On August 13, 2010, TAM signed a non-binding agreement with Chilean airline LAN Airlines to merge and create LATAM Airlines Group.[32] This was changed into a binding agreement on January 19, 2011.[33] LATAM's agreement was approved with 11 restrictions by Chilean authorities on September 21, 2011. These included transferring four slots at São Paulo-Guarulhos to competitors interested in operating flights to Santiago de Chile, renouncing membership to either Oneworld or Star Alliance, restricting increase capacity on flights between Brazil and Chile, and opening code-share possibilities and fidelity program membership to interested competitors.[34] On December 14, 2011, Brazilian authorities approved the agreement imposing similar restrictions as Chilean authorities. By August 2012, LATAM made a decision in favor of Oneworld and frequencies between São Paulo and Santiago de Chile were reduced: TAM had two pairs of slots while LAN had four. LAN ceded two pairs to competitors interested in using them which later was known to be Sky Airline.[35] The merger was completed on June 22, 2012.[36] As of May 5, 2016 TAM adopted the name LATAM.[37] It still continues to use the "TAM" name as a call sign for its LATAM Brasil operated flights.
On July 9, 2020, LATAM Brasil announced that it filed for judicial reorganization in the United States due to the impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on the company's operations. The LATAM Airlines group and its affiliates had already entered the debt restructuring process in May of the same year under the protection of Chapter 11 of the United States bankruptcy law, which allows a deadline for companies to reorganize themselves financially. Despite the announcement, the company continues to operate normally.[38]
Subsidiary: LATAM Paraguay
In 1994, TAM Linhas Aéreas established a small subsidiary airline in Paraguay called Aerolíneas Paraguayas with a fleet consisting mostly of the Cessna 208 Caravans, formerly operated by TAM. On September 1, 1996, TAM via ARPA, purchased 80% of the shares of the former state-owned Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas and merged it with ARPA. The new airline was named TAM – Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur and maintained the IATA code of LAP, PZ. Today TAM owns 94.98% and the Paraguayan government 5.02% of the shares.
In 2008, following a branding strategy, the name TAM Mercosur was dropped and the airline adopted an identical corporate identity of TAM Airlines. However, its corporate structure remained the same.[39] This airline is today informally known as TAM Paraguay, and uses the IATA code PZ. In 2016, the airline was rebranded to LATAM Paraguay, at the same time as all other airlines of the LATAM group.[40]
Destinations
The network of LATAM Brasil and LATAM Paraguay covers Brazil, Paraguay, Africa, Europe, North and South America.
As of January 2024, LATAM Brasil (formerly TAM Linhas Aéreas) operates scheduled services to the destinations below. The list includes destinations formerly served by its subsidiaries, Pantanal Linhas Aéreas and TAM Paraguay:[41]
Codeshare agreements
LATAM Brasil codeshares with the following airlines:[64]
- Aeroméxico
- Air China
- Austrian Airlines
- British Airways
- Cathay Pacific
- Delta Air Lines
- Finnair
- Iberia
- Japan Airlines
- Korean Air
- LATAM Chile
- LATAM Paraguay
- LATAM Perú
- Lufthansa
- Qantas
- Qatar Airways
- South African Airways
- Swiss International Air Lines
- Turkish Airlines
- Virgin Atlantic
- Voepass
- Vueling
- WestJet
Fleet
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Current fleet
As of June 2024[update], LATAM Brasil operates the following aircraft:[citation needed]
| Aircraft | In service |
Orders | Passengers | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | W | Y | Total | ||||
| Airbus A319-100 | 19 | — | – | – | 144 | 144 | |
| Airbus A320-200 | 57 | — | – | – | 162 | 162 | 5 operating for LATAM Paraguay. |
| 174 | 174 | ||||||
| 180 | 180 | ||||||
| Airbus A320neo | 18 | 2 | – | – | 174 | 174 | |
| 180 | 180 | ||||||
| Airbus A321-200 | 31 | — | – | – | 224 | 224 | Older aircraft to be replaced by Airbus A321neo. |
| Airbus A321neo | 12 | 11 | – | – | 224 | 224 | To replace older Airbus A321-200. |
| Boeing 777-300ER | 10 | — | 38 | 50 | 322 | 410 | |
| Boeing 787-9 | 1 | — | 30 | 57 | 216 | 303 | Taken over from LATAM Chile.[citation needed] |
| Total | 148 | 13 | |||||
Former fleet
LATAM Brasil had also operated these following aircraft since it started services:[65][66]
| Aircraft | Total | Introduced | Retired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Airbus A330-200 | 22 | 1998 | 2016 | |
| Airbus A340-500 | 2 | 2007 | 2011 | Leased from Air Canada. |
| Airbus A350-900 | 13 | 2016 | 2021 | Subleased to other airlines[citation needed] |
| Boeing 767-300ER | 19 | 2008 | 2023 | [67] |
| Cessna 170A | 1 | 1961 | Unknown | |
| Cessna 180 | 4 | 1961 | Unknown | |
| Cessna 206 Stationair | 1 | 1961 | Unknown | |
| Cessna 208B Grand Caravan | 39 | 1996 | 2012 | |
| Cessna 402B | 4 | 1972 | 1979 | |
| Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante | 15 | 1976 | 1996 | |
| Fokker F27 | 10 | 1980 | 2000 | |
| Fokker 50 | 9 | 1995 | 2001 | |
| Fokker 100 | 51 | 1990 | 2008 | Most were taken from orders of Sempati Air and Pan Am |
| Learjet 24 | 1 | 1984 | Unknown | |
| Learjet 25 | 6 | 1974 | Unknown | |
| Learjet 35 | 1 | 2007 | Unknown | |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | 1 | 2007 | 2008 | Leased from Boeing Capital |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-11ER | 2 | |||
| Mitsubishi MU-2 | 1 | 1994 | 1999 | |
| Piper PA-31-350 Navajo[68] | 1 | 1976 | 1984 |
Fleet development
On June 16, 2005, TAM purchased 20 additional Airbus A320 family aircraft (including the A319, A320 and A321), with an additional 20 options. These were expected to be delivered between late 2007 and 2010, adding to the already scheduled delivery of 6 A320s between 2006 and 2008. At the same time, the company signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus stating its intent to buy 10 of the new Airbus A350-900 plus 5 options, with deliveries planned due to commence at the end of 2014. However, LATAM received its first A350 in early 2016.[69]
TAM has also signed a firm contract with Airbus to acquire 37 additional aircraft. The order comprises 12 A319s, 16 A320s, 3 A321s and 3 A330s and includes 12 unspecified extra options. This would bring the number of aircraft in TAM's fleet acquired directly from Airbus to 115 aircraft.[70] The commitments are separate from deals in earlier years for 29 firm-ordered A320s and 20 options. The deliveries were concluded by 2010. In 2013, TAM announced that it would phased out three of the oldest Boeing 767 it operates; however, it later changed plans and decided to keep the aircraft, adding some more aircraft from LAN Airlines instead. They replaced the A330-200s. TAM also received the first aircraft of the A320 family with Sharklets in April 2013.[71]
Fleet maintenance is partially conducted at the technology center at São Carlos Airport.[72][73]
LATAM Pass
 | This article contains promotional content. (March 2023) |
LATAM Pass is the frequent flyer program of LATAM Brasil. Under this program, flyers can redeem program points for purchasing tickets on airlines of the LATAM group and selected partners. The program offers cards for different categories and percentages of mileage accrual:[74]
| Card Type | Points Needed / Year | Economy class | Business class | First class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LATAM (former WHITE) | — | 100% | 150% | 200% |
| GOLD (former BLUE) | 10,000 | 100% + 25% | 150% + 25% | 200% + 25% |
| PLATINUM (former RED) | 40,000 | 100% + 75% | 150% + 75% | 200% + 75% |
| BLACK (former RED PLUS) | 100,000 | 100% + 100% | 150% + 100% | 200% + 100% |
| BLACK SIGNATURE (former BLACK) | 150,000 | 100% + 100% | 150% + 100% | 200% + 100% |
Accidents and incidents
- On February 8, 1979, an Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante (PT-SBB) operating a flight from Bauru to São Paulo-Congonhas, while on initial climb from Bauru, struck trees and crashed into flames. Two crew and 16 passengers died.[75][76]
- On October 7, 1983, an Embraer EMB 110C Bandeirante (PP-SBH) flying from Campo Grande and Urubupungá to Araçatuba struck the ground just short of the runway threshold after missing the approach at Araçatuba Airport twice. Seven crew and passengers died.[77][78]
- On June 28, 1984, an Embraer EMB 110C Bandeirante (PP-SBC) operating a chartered flight by Petrobras from Rio de Janeiro-Galeão to Macaé flew into São João Hill while descending through rain and clouds over the Municipality of São Pedro da Aldeia. All 16 passengers and 2 crew died. The passengers were journalists of well-known Brazilian networks who were preparing a special report about the Campos Basin oil fields.[79][80]
- On February 12, 1990, a Fokker F27 (PT-LCG) operating a flight from São Paulo-Congonhas to Bauru, due to faulty approach procedures, touched down at Bauru 775 meters (2,543 ft; 848 yd) past the runway threshold. The pilot was unable to initiate a go-around procedure and went past the end of the runway, hitting a car that was passing on a road nearby. One crew member and two occupants of the car died.[81]
- On October 31, 1996, a Fokker 100 (PT-MRK) and operating as Flight 402 from São Paulo-Congonhas to Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont crashed into an urban area during takeoff procedures and after engine no. 2 suffering at least three uncommanded reverse thrust deployments and thus losing power, stalled, rolled to the right and struck two buildings. All 95 passengers and crew on board and 4 people on the ground died.[82][83]
- On July 9, 1997, a Fokker 100 that was on a daily route between Vitória and São Paulo, with a stopover in São José dos Campos, suffered a sudden explosion between seats 18 and 20, which opened a 4-square-meter (43 sq ft) hole in its fuselage and threw engineer Fernando Caldeira de Moura Campos out of the plane. The passenger fell from a height of 2,400 meters (7,874 ft), at a speed of 100 meters per second (330 ft/s), creating a 1-meter (3.3 ft) diameter fault in the ground, in a cassava plantation in the city of Suzano, where he was found.[84][85] According to the cadaveric report, despite the explosion, it is very likely that Fernando arrived alive and lucid to the ground. Days later, the Federal Police of Brazil indicted unemployed professor Leonardo Teodoro de Castro, who was also traveling on the aircraft, as the author of the explosion. Leonardo, however, could not be judged for what happened, because days after the explosion he was run over by a bus and is in a vegetative state.[86][87]
- On September 15, 2001, a Fokker 100 (PT-MRN) operating the charter Flight 9755, flying from Recife to São Paulo-Congonhas via Campinas-Viracopos, following an uncontrolled engine failure en route to Campinas, had three cabin windows shattered by fragments of the engine and made an emergency landing at Belo Horizonte-Confins. One passenger was sucked out partly and held by another passenger until the aircraft landed. The passenger did not survive.[88][89]
- On July 17, 2007, an Airbus A320-200 (PR-MBK) operating Flight 3054 from Porto Alegre to São Paulo-Congonhas overran the runway while landing at Congonhas, crossed a major thoroughfare and impacted against a TAM Express warehouse. All 187 passengers and crew perished, as did 12 people on the ground.[90]
- On September 28, 2018, an empty Airbus A320 (PT-MZJ) of more than 18 years old, got off the pusher truck during towing at the São Paulo-Congonhas and the rear hit a palm and other trees. The palm crushed the right rear wing.[91]
- On December 20, 2018, a Boeing 777-300ER (PT-MUG) operating as LA8084 from São Paulo-Guarulhos to London Heathrow suffered a serious electrical fault inflight, subsequently diverting to Belo Horizonte International Airport. There were no reported injuries or fatalities.[92] The aircraft was repaired and returned to service.
Subsidiaries
- LATAM Cargo Brasil provides cargo services.[93]
- Multiplus Fidelidade is the customer loyalty network.[93] On November 8, 2011, Multiplus and the Canadian company Aimia (which also administers Air Canada's loyalty program Aeroplan) established a joint-venture to create in Brazil a third company that would administer loyalty schemes of other companies.[94]
- TAM Aviação Executiva provides air services for business executives.[93]
- TAM Viagens provides vacation package services for Brazilians,[93] while TAM Vacations provides vacation package services for Americans.[95][96]
- Cine TAM was a cinema in São Paulo owned by the airline.
- TAM Museum was a museum of vintage aircraft located in São Carlos and maintained by TAM Group.[93]
See also
References
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- ^ "Voos do Brasil para a África do Sul são retomados com a LATAM". Aeroin (in Portuguese). 2 September 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ "Latam retoma SP-Barcelona e Rio-Santiago com 80% de ocupação". Panrotas (in Portuguese). 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Latam retoma voos a Orlando e Londres, e volta a vender Punta". Aeroin (in Portuguese). 3 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
- ^ "LATAM Brasil July 2020 International operations as of 23JUN20". Routesonline. 24 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ "Governo argentino revoga autorização da Latam Brasil para voar para as Ilhas Malvinas". Aeroin (in Portuguese). 7 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ "LATAM retoma voos a Boston com 75% de ocupação e amplia outras rotas do Brasil aos EUA". Aeroin (in Portuguese). 28 October 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
- ^ "LATAM Brasil plans Las Vegas seasonal service in NS18". Routesonline. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ "LATAM e Delta reinauguram voos do Brasil para a Costa Oeste dos EUA". Aeroin (in Portuguese). 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Latam cancela planos de concorrer com a Azul na rota entre Guarulhos e Punta del Este". Aeroin (in Portuguese). 21 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
- ^ "LATAM Gradually Ends Venezuela Service late-May 2016". Routesonline. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
- ^ "Vendas Codeshare". LATAM Trade (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ "TAM Fleet - Airfleets aviation". www.airfleets.net. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ "LATAM/TAM fleet". aerobernie.bplaced.net. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
- ^ "LATAM Airlines Brasil concludes B767-300ER operations". Ch-Aviation. 27 November 2023.
- ^ "Aviation Photo #1189807: Piper PA-31-350 Navajo Chieftain - TAM". Airliners.net. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ "TAM Airlines becomes first A350 XWB operator from the Americas". Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ Airliner World January 2007
- ^ "LATAM takes delivery of 200th A320 aircraft at Paris Air Show". Skies Mag. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
- ^ "Centro Tecnológico de São Carlos Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine," TAM Airlines
- ^ "Brazil MRO sector poised for major expansion". Flightglobal. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ^ "Pontos em voo" (in Portuguese). TAM. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
- ^ "Accident description PT-SBB". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
- ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Compensador automático". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 308–312. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^ "Accident description PP-SBH". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Três é demais". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 332–334. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^ "Accident description PP-SBC". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Visumento". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 338–341. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^ "Accident description PT-LCG". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
- ^ "Accident description PT-MRK". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
- ^ Germano da Silva, Carlos Ari César (2008). "Vinte e quatro segundos". O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996 (in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. pp. 376–381. ISBN 978-85-7430-760-2.
- ^ "Avião explode no ar e passageiro é jogado de 2,4 km de altura em SP" (in Portuguese). Folha de S.Paulo. 10 July 1997. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Objeto explosivo causou acidente com avião da TAM" (in Portuguese). Folha de S.Paulo. 10 July 1997. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Dez anos depois, explosão em avião da TAM continua sem solução" (in Portuguese). G1. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Accident description PT-WHK". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Accident description PT-MRN". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ Marra, Lívia (16 September 2001). "Avião da TAM acidentado em Minas havia sido revisado no mês passado" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Accident description PR-MBK". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ "Accident description PT-MZJ". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^ Noëth, Bart (2018-12-20). "Electrical problems on LATAM Boeing 777 - overweight emergency landing at Belo Horizonte, Brazil". Aviation24.be. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
- ^ a b c d e "TAM Group Companies Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine." TAM Airlines. Retrieved on August 12, 2010.
- ^ Komatsu, Alberto (November 8, 2011). "Multipkus e a canadense Aimia criam nova companhia no Brasil". Valor Econômico (in Portuguese). Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ "LATAM Travel". www.tamviagens.com.br. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
- ^ "TAM Vacations Travel South America - Vacation Packages-Special Offers". Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
External links
Media related to LATAM Brasil at Wikimedia Commons
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