Khongirad

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"Red tasseled Mongols" redirects here. For the other ethnicity who were called "Red tasseled Mongols" by Khalkha Mongols, see Manchu people.
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Mongol Empire c. 1207, Khongirad and their neighbours

The Khongirad[a] (/ˈkɒŋɡɪræd/; Mongolian: ᠬᠣᠩᠭᠢᠷᠠᠳ Хонгирад; Kazakh: Қоңырат, romanized: Qoñyrat; Chinese: 弘吉剌; pinyin: Hóngjílá) was one of the major divisions of the Mongol tribes. Their homeland was located in the vicinity of Lake Hulun in Inner Mongolia and Khalkha River in Mongolia,[3][4] where they maintained close ties with the ruling dynasties of northern China. Because the various Hongirad clans never united under a single leader, the tribe never rose to great military glory. Their greatest fame comes from being the primary consort clan of the ruling house of Genghis Khan's Mongol empire. Genghis Khan's mother (Hoelun), great grandmother, and first wife were all Khongirads, as were many subsequent Mongol Empress and princesses.

During the Yuan dynasty they were given the title Lu Wang ("Prince of Lu"; Chinese: 鲁王), and a few Khongirads migrated west into the territory of modern Uzbekistan and Turkistan Region where they became governors of Khwarazm and were known as the Sufi dynasty. After a brief period as independent rulers, they were subjected by Timur.

Origin

The Khongirads are often identified as the descendants of the ancient Wuku/Wugu tribe in Tang Dynasty records. The tribe's own origin myth claims that they were descended from three brothers born of a golden vessel—Jurluq Mergen, Quba Shira, and Tusbu Da'u. The descendants of these brothers formed the Hongirad tribe, but feuds quickly splintered the tribe and gave rise to the offshoot tribes of the Ikires, Olkhonud, Karanut, Gorlos, and Qongliyuts. Only the descendants of Jurluq Mergen retained the tribal name of Hongirad. One of the most famous Hongirad ancestors was Miser Ulug, an Onggirat Hercules who was super-humanly strong and often slept for days at a time.

Many names of the 12th century's Hongirads and their subtribes have Mongol origin:[4][5]

  • Dei Setsen — tsetsen (wise)
  • Jurluq Mergen — zörlög (path) mergen (wise). (See Merkit)
  • Quba Shira — goo (beautiful) shar (yellow). In the 1680s Zasagt Khan of the Khalkha Mongolia was Shar (Shira). (See Alan Gua).

Subtribes

  • Hongirad — khun (swan), khungiin (swan's), ard (person); swan person. Swan is one of Mongol totems. (See Oirats).
  • Qongliyuts — Khonkhluud; khonkh (bell), "iud" or "uud" is plural suffix.
  • Gorlos — Modern Southern Mongol subgroup
  • Ikires — Ikhires: ikh (great), ikhes (chief, noble)
  • Karanut — Kharnuud: khar (black), "iud" or "uud" is plural suffix
  • Olkhunut — Olkhunuud, "uud" is plural suffix. They have three subgroups:
    • Alag aduutan: alag (piebald), aduutan (horse herder); piebald horse herder.
    • Shar khonit: shar (yellow), khoni (sheep); yellow sheep breeder.
    • Ulaan zalaat: ulaan (red), zalaa (tassel); person who wears hat with red tassel.[citation needed] Today, Mongols call themselves "red-tasseled Mongols" because Mongols wear hat with red tassel and they adore fire.[citation needed] Fire is a general symbol of eternal growth, wealth, and success and a figure of fire is used in Mongolian flag, coat of arms and Soyombo symbol. The three tongues of the flame represent the past, present, and future.[citation needed]

Shamanic practices continue in present-day Mongol culture.[6][7]

Relationship with the Mongols: The Legend of Ergune Khun

According to Mongol legend, two warriors named Kiyan (Khiyad) and Negus (Mongolian: Nokhos, dog or wolf) were defeated in battle and forced to seek shelter in an enclosed valley called Ergune khun ("steep cliffs"). After several generations the descendants of these heroes became too numerous for the valley to support, but no one remembered the way out. A blacksmith came up with a solution—they would create their own way out by melting an exposed iron vein that existed in one of the encircling mountains. Building a massive fire and stoking it with 70 large bellows, the trapped clan did just that and succeeded in creating a passage to the outside world. Once free, the people of Kiyan and Negus went on to create several tribes, including the Mongols and the Hongirads (whose susceptibility to gout was explained by the "fact" that their ancestors were the first to flee Ergene Qun, so they burned their feet on the hot iron).

Consort tribe

Empress Radnashiri was from the Khunggirad

In addition to having a shared ancestry with the Mongols in general, the Hongirads also shared ancestors with the Mongol royal line, whose originator, Alan Qo'a, was a woman of the Kharlas clan, an offshoot of the Khongirads founded by the legendary Miser Ulug. Down to the 12th century, Mongol rulers such as Khabul Khan and his great-grandson Genghis Khan were still taking Khongirad wives. Yesugei Ba'atur, the father of Genghis Khan, was not a high ranking Mongol leader, but even he secured himself an Onggirat wife by stealing one from another man. The wives of most rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and Golden Horde were also from the Hongirad. That is why they held enormous powers behind the courts in both states. They forced the rulers of the Golden Horde to make peace with Kublai in 1280s and convinced Tokhta Khan to accept supremacy of the Great Khan in 1304. The Hongirad under queen Dagi and Temüder, the Minister of the Secretariat, reached their political peak in the Yuan Dynasty, the principal state of 4 khanates, during the reign of Gegeen Khan Shidebala (r.1321-1323). They built Yingchang city in modern Inner Mongolia in 1271.

After the death of the last Yuan emperor, Toghan Temur, who lost his imperial status in China and other Mongol khanates, a body of the Khongirat and Olkhunut (Borte's clan) surrendered to the Ming Dynasty in 1371. Meanwhile, the Khongirad, belonged to the southern Khalkha tumen in modern Inner Mongolia and Olkhunuts lived in modern Khovd Province.

Transoxiana

During the 18th century, the basins of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya passed under the control of three Uzbek khanates claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, the Khongirads based on Khiva in Khwārezm (1717–1920), the Manghud in Bukhara (1753–1920), and the Mings in Kokand (Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876). The Sufi Dynasty (1359–1388) which was founded by the Qongirat elites in Khwārezm ruled their own state under the Jochids and Timur. The Qongirat Inaks became de facto rulers of the Khanate of Khiva in 18th century and their descendants assumed the title of khan themselves in 1804. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last khan, Sayid Abdullah, abdicated before its territory was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924.

Descendants are found among the people in Mongolia and the Yugurs in Gansu, China, and little bit in the Karakalpaks and the Uzbegs.[citation needed]

Kazakhstan

Currently a Kazakh tribe of the Middle Juz named Qoñyrat (or less commonly Qoñğyrat) are considered descendants of Khongirads (Ongrat, Kungrat in (Gumilev, n.d). Around the beginning of the 20th century CE, the Kazakh Qongyrats lived mainly in what is now Turkistan Region (formerly South Kazakhstan Region), especially in the vicinity of the city of Turkistan.[8] This region borders Uzbekistan, and a majority of the local population has at times been recorded as Uzbek; the part of the region in which the Kazakh Qongırats were concentrated was located between the Sır River and the lower reaches of the Chu River where it disappears in the steppe. The Qongyrat tribe of Kazakhs are notable for the extremely high frequency among them (64/95 = 67.37%[9]) of Y-DNA that belongs to haplogroup C-M407, a clade that otherwise has been observed with greatest frequency among Buryats (117/217 = 53.9%,[10] 40/80 = 50.0%,[11] 86/298 = 28.9% (mostly northern and western)[12]) and other indigenous peoples of Buryatia (15/28 = 53.6% Sojots,[10] 27/51 = 52.9% Hamnigans[10]). Members of C-M407 also have been found with lower frequency among Mongols in Mongolia,[11][13] Kalmyks (especially Dörwöds),[14][13] Manchus in China,[11] and Yakuts in Sakha Republic.[11]

Rule of Khiva

They ruled the Khiva khanate from 1763 to 1920.

Notes

  1. ^ Variations on the name include Onggirat, Ongirat,[1] Qongrat, Khungirat,[1] Kungrad,[2] Qunghrãt,[2] Wangjila (王紀剌),[1] Yongjilie (雍吉烈), Qungrat, and Guangjila (廣吉剌) in Chinese sources.

References

  1. ^ a b c The Chinese Social and Political Science Review, Volume 20, pub Chinese Social and Political Science Association, 1937, p494.
  2. ^ a b Central Asia: Foundations of Change, by R. D. McChesney, pub Darwin Press, 1996, p202.
  3. ^ Хонгирад аймаг mongol.undesten.mn Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (Mongolian)
  4. ^ a b M. Sanjdorj, History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Volume I, 1966
  5. ^ The Secret History of the Mongols
  6. ^ Shamanism in China: bibliography, by Barend ter Haar, who teaches at the Institute for Chinese Studies. Mentions that a book called Popular Religion and Shamanism includes "as well as three studies of shamanism among non-Han cultures (Mongol, Tungusic and Daba)".
  7. ^ Local Belief Systems Archived 2012-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, by Professor Mark Bender. Ohio State University.
  8. ^ 1999 Copyright Agency BRIF Central Asia, Author A.I.SOBAKIN
  9. ^ E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
  10. ^ a b c Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al., "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." Annals of Human Genetics (2010) 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x
  11. ^ a b c d Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, Brian Hallmark, and Michael F. Hammer, "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic‐speaking populations." American Journal of Human Biology, 08 November 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194
  12. ^ V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva, et al., "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." ISSN 1022-7954, Russian Journal of Genetics, 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795413110082
  13. ^ a b Natalia Balinova, Helen Post, Alena Kushniarevich, et al., "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia." European Journal of Human Genetics 11 April 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0
  14. ^ Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al., "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." Journal of Human Genetics (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108; published online 17 October 2013.
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