Culture of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

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Further information on study of Latter-day Saint culture as an academic field: Mormon studies

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The basic beliefs and traditions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) have a cultural impact that distinguishes church members, practices and activities. The culture is geographically concentrated in the Mormon Corridor in the United States, and is present to a lesser extent in many places of the world where Latter-day Saints live.

In some aspects, Latter-day Saint culture is distinct from church doctrine. Cultural practices which are centrally based on church doctrine include adhering to the church's law of health, paying tithing, living the law of chastity, participation in lay leadership of the church, refraining from work on Sundays when possible, family home evenings, and ministering to other church members.

The majority of Latter-day Saints live outside the United States.[1] Therefore, even though the global differences are important, there are some common traits around Latter-day Saints worldwide.

Media and arts

The Church-sponsored Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square has received various awards and travelled extensively since its inception.

LDS-themed media includes cinema, fiction, websites, and graphical art such as photography and paintings. The church owns a chain of bookstores called Deseret Book, which provide a channel through which publications are sold; church leaders have authored books and sold them through the publishing arm of the bookstore. BYU TV, the church-sponsored television station, also airs on several networks. The church also produces several pageants annually depicting various events of the primitive and modern-day church. Its Easter pageant Jesus the Christ has been identified as the "largest annual outdoor Easter pageant in the world".[2] The church encourages entertainment without violence, sexual content, or vulgar language; many church members specifically avoid rated-R movies.[3]

The church's official choir, the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square, was formed in the mid-19th century and performs in the Salt Lake Tabernacle. They have travelled to more than 28 countries,[4] and are considered one of the most famous choirs in the world.[5] The choir has received a Grammy Award, four Emmy Awards,[6] two Peabody Awards,[7] and the National Medal of Arts.[8]

Notable members of the church in the media and arts include: Donny Osmond,[9] an American singer, dancer, and actor; Orson Scott Card,[10] author of Ender's Game; Stephenie Meyer,[11] author of the Twilight series; and Glenn Beck,[12] a conservative radio host, television producer, and author. Notable productions related to the church, though produced by individuals not affiliated with it, include Murder Among the Mormons, a 2021 Netflix documentary;[13] and The Book of Mormon, a big-budget musical about Mormon missionaries, which received nine Tony Awards.[14]

Family structure

Church culture puts notable emphasis on the family, and the distinctive concept of a united family which lives and progresses forever is at the core of Latter-day Saint doctrine. Church leaders encourage members to marry and have children, and as a result, Latter-day Saint families tend to be larger than average. All sexual activity outside of marriage is considered a serious sin. All homosexual activity is considered sinful and same-sex marriages are not performed or supported by the LDS Church. Latter-day Saint fathers who hold the priesthood typically name and bless their children shortly after birth to formally give the child a name and generate a church record for them.

LDS Church members are encouraged to set aside one evening each week, typically Monday, to spend together in "Family Home Evening." Family Home Evenings typically consist of gathering as a family to study the faith's gospel principles, and other family activities. Daily family prayer is also encouraged.[15]

Education

See also: Church Educational System
Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah

Latter-day Saints believe that one of the most important aspects of life on Earth is the opportunity for individuals to learn and grow. They further believe that whatever learning they obtain in this life is retained in the next life. Accordingly, the church strongly emphasizes education and as part of the Church Educational System, subsidizes Brigham Young University (BYU) and its Jerusalem Center, BYU–Idaho, BYU–Hawaii, and Ensign College.[16]

All participating members ages twelve years and older attend Sunday School classes, which emphasize personal scripture studies and other forms of spiritual education and self-improvement.[17]

Seminary is an established religious education program for secondary school students, which is often scheduled before or after school hours. In some areas with large LDS populations, provisions are made by the school to allow students to attend Seminary off-campus during the school day. Attendance at seminary is voluntary, although it is considered when a person applies to a church-owned university. CES administers the seminary program and an Institute of Religion program for tertiary education-age church members.

The church sponsors a low-interest educational loan program known as the Perpetual Education Fund. This fund is designed to benefit young men and women from developing areas to receive student loans. Many of them have served a mission, returned to their home, and lack needed funds to improve their standard of living. As they finish their education and enter the work force, they pay back the funds, which are then loaned to other individuals.

Recreation and activities

The LDS Church encourages and hosts social activities such as sports, dances, picnics, holiday parties, and/or musical presentations.[18][19] Local Young Men and Young Women organizations sponsor weekly activities, and the Primary and other auxiliaries of the church hold occasional activities.

Beginning with the new youth initiative in 2020, during the summer, the LDS Church provides week-long experiences, known as For the Strength of Youth Conferences.[citation needed] Previous to For the Strength of Youth Conferences, a popular youth-centered religious program called Especially for Youth was offered through church-owned Brigham Young University.[20] Since announcing For the Strength of Youth Conferences, the size and scope of Especially for Youth has been reduced dramatically.[citation needed]

Politics

Main article: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States

In general, the LDS Church distances itself from politics, although it encourages its members to be politically active. Each summer in U.S. election years the church sends a letter to each bishop to be read from the pulpit stating that the church does not endorse any political parties or candidates, does not allow its buildings to be used for political events, and that no titles or positions that a person may have in the church may be used to imply church endorsement of any party or candidate.[citation needed]

However, the church has endorsed or opposed specific political positions which it regards as moral issues:

A 2012 Pew Center survey on Religion and Public Life indicates that 74 percent of U.S. Latter-day Saints church members lean towards the Republican Party.[28] Some liberal members have stated that they feel that they have to defend their worthiness due to political differences.[29] In recent decades,[when?] the Republican Party has consistently won a majority of the LDS vote in most national and state-level elections. As a result, Utah, a state with a majority LDS population, is also one of the most heavily Republican states in the country. However, there are Democratic supporters inside the church.[citation needed]

Genealogy

The church's Family History Library in Salt Lake City
See also: Genealogical Society of Utah

Genealogical family history research is an important aspect of Latter-day Saint tradition, stemming from a doctrinal mandate for church members to research their family tree and perform vicarious ordinances for their ancestors. Church members believe the ordinances "seal" or link families together, with the ultimate goal being an unbroken chain back to Adam and Eve. Church members are able to do genealogical work in various family history centers throughout the world, usually located in LDS meetinghouses. The advent of personal computers prompted the church to create a specialized file format known as GEDCOM for storing and exchanging these records. Since then, GEDCOM has become a de facto standard that almost all genealogy programs support.[citation needed]

The church maintains a website called FamilySearch to access genealogical records, which typically contain birth, death, marriage and family group information. Church records also contain information on personal ordinances of members as well as vicarious temple ordinances such as baptism, endowment, and sealing to spouse, parent, and child. Genealogical and church related information is maintained in permanent storage in the Granite Mountain vault in the Wasatch Range of the Utah mountains. The church is currently working to digitize all of these records and make them more readily available.[citation needed]

Death

Further information: Death in 19th-century Mormonism
Death masks of Joseph and Hyrum Smith

In the 1800s, members of the LDS Church participated in unique burial and death rituals whenever a fellow Latter-day Saint passed away. Relief Society women were responsible for washing and dressing corpses, especially in the years before mortuary science came to Utah. They sewed special burial clothes for the person;[30] endowed members of the church were buried in their sacred temple clothes.[31]: 27–28  Those who were not endowed were simply dressed in white.[32] If a mother and child died during delivery, both were buried in the same coffin, with the baby laid in the mother's arms. The Latter-day Saints also buried their dead facing east so that they would be situated correctly to witness the second coming of Jesus Christ. In addition to caring for the bodies of the deceased, LDS women were also responsible for planning funeral services. These involved singing songs, saying prayers, and listening to funeral sermons,[30] which were often given by at least one man possessing the Melchizedek priesthood.[33] Sermons and eulogies included a reference to the continuation of the person's spirit and the many admirable spiritual qualities they demonstrated during their life.[34]: 94  Especially towards the end of the 19th century, funeral planners opted to decorate with white instead of black.[31]: 27–30  To remember the deceased, the Latter-day Saints made death masks[35] and canes from the wood of coffins.[36] They also kept locks of the person's hair.[35] LDS women wrote death poetry to express their thoughts and feelings, and many such poems were published in periodicals such as the Woman's Exponent.[33]

Before the actual event of death, the early Latter-day Saints attempted to revive the dying through healing rituals.[37] These involved placing a drop of consecrated oil on the person's head and saying a prayer to bless them with health.[31]: 78  Less unique to the early Mormons was their involvement in the 19th-century American Protestant phenomenon known as the "beautiful death". This involved gathering together to witness a person's death. The dying were to give parting advice to their children[35] and remain calm in their last hours.[38]: 17  It was very important to have as many loved ones as possible be present at the deathbed scene; a private death was undesirable.[35]

Missionaries

The Provo Missionary Training Center
Main article: Mormon missionary
See also: Claims to be the fastest-growing religion § Christianity

The LDS Church has one of the most active missionary programs of any world church. During the church's general conference in October 2014, Thomas S. Monson noted that there were in excess of 88,000 full-time LDS missionaries serving without pay around the world.[39] Young men can begin serving for two years at age 18, with young women able to begin 18-month service at age 19; missionaries frequently learn another language and typically are assigned far from their homes.

Missionary work is a fundamental principle of the church and has become one of its most readily identifiable characteristics. Church headquarters assigns missionaries to their area of work, which can be in any part of the world where governments allow them. It also directs the missionary whether to focus on proselytizing, humanitarian work, or family history work.

Preparedness

Welfare Square's 178-foot-tall grain elevator in Salt Lake City
See also: Bishop's storehouse

The LDS Church encourages every member to be prepared for all types of disasters, including economic difficulties. Members are encouraged to plant gardens, store at least three months' supply of food and water, and to maintain a "72-hour Kit" (or "3-Day Pack") containing necessary supplies to immediately sustain oneself in the event of a natural disaster. The church is equipped with necessities which are available for rapid distribution, but members are expected to see to their own immediate needs, as well as assisting their neighbors and communities. The church's response to emergencies or disasters is directed through the bishop's storehouse, and is not limited to assisting church members.

Cuisine

Main article: Mormon foodways

Popular food items in the culture, particularly within the Mormon Corridor, include funeral potatoes, jello salad,[40] Apple Beer, frogeye salad, "scones" (actually a deep-fried dough bearing little resemblance to a traditional scone),[41] and varieties of fry sauce.

Public speaking

Interior of the LDS Conference Center where the church holds its semi-annual general conference

The LDS Church has a long and rich tradition of public speaking. Public speaking is common for both leaders and other lay members. This speaking tradition continues today. For example, during worship services on the first Sunday of each month, members of the congregation are invited to extemporaneously share their testimonies of the gospel, faith-building experiences, and other uplifting messages with other members of the congregation.

On each of the other Sundays during the month, members of the congregation ages 12 and older are selected in advance to give a "talk" (a "sermon" or "homily") on a particular gospel principle or topic. Children under age 12 are given the opportunity to give short talks in their Primary meetings.

Church leaders and missionaries are also encouraged to speak boldly and freely about the church, and are often given opportunities for extemporaneous public speaking on various gospel subjects.

Since the early days of the church, talks given by leaders (especially those given in the church's biannual general conference meetings) have been recorded and widely distributed in written format. A digitized collection of these talks dating back to 1971 is available on the churchofjesuschrist.org website, and talks dating back to the 19th century are available in printed format through various university and community libraries. In recent years, the LDS Church and BYU have also made audio and video versions of selected talks freely available on their websites.[42]

Symbols

A CTR ring is a common symbol of the church. It reminds its wearer to "Choose the Right."
Main article: Symbolism in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

One of the most commonly used visual symbols of the church is the trumpeting angel Moroni, proclaiming the restoration of the gospel to the Earth (often identified as the angel mentioned in Revelation 14:6-7). A statue depicting Moroni tops the tallest spire of most LDS temples. Other common symbols associated with the church are the letters CTR, meaning "Choose the Right", often depicted in a shield logo; the Christus statue; and images of the Salt Lake Temple.

The modern LDS Church does not use the cross or crucifix as a symbol of faith. Mormons generally view such symbols as emphasizing the death of Jesus rather than his life and resurrection.[43] The early LDS Church was more accepting of the symbol of the cross, but after the turn of the 20th century, an aversion to it developed in Mormon culture.[44] However, there are individual Latter-day Saints who tolerate (or even embrace) the use of a cross as a personal symbol of faith.[45]

By current policy, no pictures or icons are depicted in the chapel within modern LDS meetinghouses, in order to avoid an image becoming the focus of worship rather than the reality of God. However, images such as paintings of Christ and photographs of LDS leaders and temples are common in other parts of church buildings.[46]

In 1994, church president Howard W. Hunter encouraged church members to "look to the temple [...] as the great symbol of your membership."[47] When questioned on the subject of symbols in 2005, church president Gordon B. Hinckley said that Latter-day Saints themselves are the best symbols of their religion.[48]

Music

Main articles: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints hymns, Mormon music, and Mormon poetry

A number of songs and hymns are unique to the church. Among the most famous of these are "Come, Come, Ye Saints", "I Am a Child of God"', "The Spirit of God Like a Fire Is Burning", "Praise to the Man", "O My Father", "High on the Mountain Top", and "We Thank Thee, O God, for a Prophet".

Cultural restrictions and taboos

Abortion and birth control

See also: Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints § Birth control and abortion

The LDS Church opposes elective abortion "for personal or social convenience"[49] but states that abortion could be an acceptable option in cases of rape, incest, danger to the health or life of the mother, or where the fetus has been diagnosed with "severe defects that will not allow the baby to survive beyond birth."[49] The current church stance on birth control is that decisions about its use and "the consequences of those decisions rest solely with each married couple" and that they should consider "the physical and mental health of the mother and father and their capacity to provide the basic necessities of life for their children" when planning a family.[50] Historically, the church discouraged surgical sterilization, like vasectomies and tubal ligation, and encouraged members to only use these options for serious medical conditions after discussing it with a bishop.[51] In the past the use of birth control methods including artificial contraception was explicitly condemned by LDS Church leaders.[52][53]

Alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and tea

The LDS Church's health code, called the Word of Wisdom, prohibits the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and "hot drinks"; church leaders have defined "hot drinks" as "coffee and tea".[54] Caffeinated beverages other than coffee and tea are not prohibited by the LDS Church.[54]

Beards

Many early LDS Church leaders (such as Brigham Young, pictured) wore beards.

After Joseph Smith, all of the presidents of the LDS Church wore beards until 1951. However, since David O. McKay became church president in that year, LDS Church presidents have all been clean-shaven. Since the 1960s, the LDS Church has discouraged men from wearing beards,[55] particularly those who serve in ecclesiastical leadership positions.[56] The church's current preference for clean-shaven men has no theological basis, but stems from social changes associating facial hair with the hippie and drug culture aspects of the counterculture of the 1960s.[55]

The church maintain no formal policy on facial hair for its general membership.[57] However, formal prohibitions against facial hair are enforced for young men entering missionary service.[58] Students and staff of the church-sponsored schools that make up the Church Educational System, such as Brigham Young University, are required to adhere to the Church Educational System Honor Code,[59] which requires that men be clean-shaven.[60] A beard exception is granted for "serious skin conditions",[61] and for approved theatrical performances, but until 2015 no exception was given for any other reason, including religious convictions.[62] In January 2015, BYU clarified that non-Mormon students who wish to have a beard for religious reasons, such as Muslims or Sikhs, may be granted permission after applying for an exception.[63][64][65][66]

In 2014, BYU students started a campaign to loosen the beard restrictions,[67][68][69][70] but it had the opposite effect: some who had previously been granted beard exceptions were found to no longer qualify, and for part of a week LDS Business College required students with a registered exception to wear a "beard badge", which was likened to a "badge of shame". Some students joined in with shaming fellow beard-wearing students.[71]

Immodest dress

The LDS Church has stated "[r]evealing and sexually suggestive clothing, which includes short shorts and skirts, tight clothing, and shirts that do not cover the stomach, can stimulate desires and actions that violate the Lord's law of chastity."[72] The church therefore encourages its members to dress modestly. Men and women who have undergone the endowment ceremony in church temples are instructed to wear a temple garment as undergarments for the remainder of their lives; the temple garment is intended to cover the trunk of the body from the neck[dubious – discuss] to the knees as well as the upper part of the arms.

Interracial marriages

Main article: Interracial marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
See also: Black people and Mormonism

In the LDS Church, interracial marriage has traditionally been discouraged, and as late as 1947 was taught to be against church doctrine.[73][74][75]: 54, 89 [76]

During a sermon criticizing the federal government, church president Brigham Young said, "[i]f the white man who belongs to the chosen seed mixes his blood with the seed of Cain, the penalty, under the law of God, is death on the spot. This will always be so."[77] (The "seed of Cain" has generally been understood to refer to black people of African descent.)

In 1954, church apostle Mark E. Petersen stated that: "I think I have read enough to give you an idea of what the Negro is after. He is not just seeking the opportunity of sitting down in a cafe where white people eat. He isn't just trying to ride on the same streetcar or the same Pullman car with white people. It isn't that he just desires to go to the same theater as the white people. From this, and other interviews I have read, it appears that the Negro seeks absorption with the white race. He will not be satisfied until he achieves it by intermarriage. That is his objective and we must face it."[78]

In a 1965 address to BYU students, apostle Spencer W. Kimball told BYU students: "Now, the brethren feel that it is not the wisest thing to cross racial lines in dating and marrying. There is no condemnation. We have had some of our fine young people who have crossed the lines. We hope they will be very happy, but experience of the brethren through a hundred years has proved to us that marriage is a very difficult thing under any circumstances and the difficulty increases in interrace marriages."[79]

The official newspaper of the LDS Church,[80] the Church News, printed an article entitled "Interracial marriage discouraged" in the 17 June 1978 issue, the same issue that announced the policy reversal which allowed men of black African descent to be ordained to the priesthood.

Throughout history, there has not been a church policy on interracial marriages, which had been permitted since before the 1978 reversal.[79] In 1978, church spokesman Don LeFevre said that "there is no ban on interracial marriage. If a black partner contemplating marriage is worthy of going to the Temple, nobody's going to stop him [...] if he's ready to go to the Temple, obviously he may go with the blessings of the church."[81]

Speaking on behalf of the church, Robert Millet wrote in 2003: "[T]he Church Handbook of Instructions [...] is the guide for all Church leaders on doctrine and practice. There is, in fact, no mention whatsoever in this handbook concerning interracial marriages. In addition, having served as a Church leader for almost 30 years, I can also certify that I have never received official verbal instructions condemning marriages between black and white members."[82]

A church lesson manual for adolescent boys, published in 1995 and in use until 2013, contains a 1976 quote from Spencer W. Kimball that says, "We recommend that people marry those who are of the same racial background generally, and of somewhat the same economic and social and educational background (some of those are not an absolute necessity, but preferred), and above all, the same religious background, without question".[83][84]

Masturbation

Main article: Views on masturbation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

On many occasions spanning over a century, church leaders have taught that adherents should not masturbate as part of obedience to the code of conduct known as the law of chastity.[85]: 80–127 [86][87] Although rhetoric has softened and become less direct, the prohibition on masturbation remains in place, but its enforcement and the opinions of local leadership vary.[85]: 118  Additionally, the majority of church adherents' views are at odds with those of top church leaders on the subject.[85]: 118  During regular annual worthiness interviews LDS adherents—including preteens and teenagers—[88] are required to confess of any serious sexual sins like masturbation to church leaders in order to repent and be considered worthy to participate in the weekly sacrament or in temple rites like baptisms for the dead.[85]: 118  They are sometimes asked explicitly about masturbation.[89][90][91]

Piercings

The LDS Church has stated that, "Latter-day prophets strongly discourage the piercing of the body except for medical purposes. If girls or women desire to have their ears pierced, they are encouraged to wear only one pair of modest earrings."[92]

Pornography

See also: Sexuality and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints § Pornography

Latter-day Saints are counseled not to partake of any form of media that is obscene or pornographic, including media that depicts graphic representations of sex or violence.[93]

Tattoos

The LDS Church has stated that, "Latter-day prophets strongly discourage the tattooing of the body. Those who disregard this counsel show a lack of respect for themselves and for God."[94]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Uchtdorf, Dieter F. (26 May 2011). "Los Angeles World Affairs Council - President Dieter F. Uchtdorf - 26 May 2011". Los Angeles World Affairs Council transcript. Retrieved 1 November 2013. And since 1997, the majority of Church members live outside the United States.
  2. ^ Griffiths, Lawn (24 March 2007). "Mesa Mormon temple prepares for Easter pageant". East Valley Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  3. ^ "Here's how the R rating, which turns 50 this year, became off-limits to many Mormon moviegoers – and why it may not be the case anymore". Salt Lake Tribune. 3 October 2018. For many LDS faithful, though, the R rating—which is marking its 50th anniversary this fall—is a line they will not cross. While the rule is rigid in the minds of many members, its origins come from a handful of comments made by church leaders through the years.
  4. ^ Cook, Steven (9 October 2014). "Mormon Tabernacle Choir to return to SPAC". The Daily Gazette. Schenectady, New York. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  5. ^ Montero, David (5 October 2018). "One of the most famous singing groups in the world is changing its name. So long, Mormon Tabernacle Choir". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  6. ^ "Christmas with The Tabernacle Choir". PBS. 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  7. ^ Williams, Danna (12 July 2013). "George Foster Peabody Award Winners" (PDF). peabodyawards.com. Athens, GA: George Foster Peabody Awards. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  8. ^ "National Medal of Arts Recipients for 2003". The White House. 12 November 2002. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  9. ^ McFarlan Miller, Emily (13 October 2020). "'Pastor' Donny Osmond performs wedding in amazing technicolor dreamcoat". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  10. ^ "The Repression Of Ender's Game". Forbes. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  11. ^ "At Its Core, the 'Twilight' Saga Is a Story About _____". The Atlantic. 15 November 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  12. ^ "'Journeys of Faith with Paula Faris': Glenn Beck on how his Mormon faith saved him". Good Morning America. 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  13. ^ Strouse, Jackie (4 February 2021). "Netflix Sets 'Murder Among the Mormons' Docuseries on 1985 Utah Bombings (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  14. ^ "The Book of Mormon Tops 2011 Tony Awards With Nine Wins". Broadway Buzz. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  15. ^ "Mormons". Encyclopedia.com. 8 June 2018. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  16. ^ "Mormons and Education: An Overview". news-my.churchofjesuschrist.org. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  17. ^ "Age Changes for Youth Progression and Ordination Announced". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  18. ^ Embry, Jessie L. (2008). "Chapter 1: Religion, Sports and Recreation". Spiritualized Recreation: Mormon All-Church Athletic Tournaments and Dance Festivals. Provo, Utah: Charles Redd Center for Western Studies, Brigham Young University. OCLC 268966353. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  19. ^ Embry, Jessie L. (2009). "'Spiritualized Recreation': LDS All Church Athletic Tournaments, 1950-1971". BYU Studies. 48 (3): 92–. OCLC 505153203. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014.
  20. ^ Craig, Chanelle. "Especially For Youth". Chanelle Craig. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  21. ^ Turner, Wallace (14 July 1965). "Right-to-Work Bid by Mormons Fails". The New York Times.
  22. ^ "First Presidency Statement on Basing of MX Missile", Ensign, June 1981, p. 76.
  23. ^ Judy Fahys, "LDS joins N-storage foes", The Salt Lake Tribune, 5 May 2006.
  24. ^ "Church Issues Statements on Situation in Charlottesville, Virginia". Mormon Newsroom. Intellectual Reserve. 13 August 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  25. ^ "Immigration: Church Issues New Statement". Mormon Newsroom. Intellectual Reserve. 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  26. ^ "Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Statement". Mormon Newsroom. Intellectual Reserve. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  27. ^ "Statement on the US Congress Respect for Marriage Act". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. 15 November 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  28. ^ "Majority of Mormons Lean Republican; Half Cite Discrimination Against Their Faith". ABC News. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  29. ^ "Liberal Mormons: A Minority Within a Minority". USA Today. 30 October 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  30. ^ a b Savage, Julie Paige Hemming, ""Yet I Must Submit": Mormon Women's Perspectives on Death and Dying 1847–1900" (1995). All Theses and Dissertations. 5092.
  31. ^ a b c Bush, Lester E. (1993). Health and Medicine Among the Latter-day Saints: Science, Sense, and Scripture. New York, NY: Crossroad. pp. 10–95. ISBN 9780824512194.
  32. ^ Morrill, Susanna (2010). "Relief Society Birth and Death Rituals: Women at the Gates of Mortality". Journal of Mormon History. 36 (2). University of Illinois Press; Mormon History Association: 128–159. doi:10.2307/23291143. JSTOR 23291143. S2CID 254489601 – via JSTOR.
  33. ^ a b Turley, Kylie Nielson (2006). "Rhetoric and Ritual: A Decade of 'Woman's Exponent' Death Poetry". Journal of Mormon History. 32 (3). University of Illinois Press; Mormon History Association: 55–78. JSTOR 23289868 – via JSTOR.
  34. ^ Davies, Douglas James (2000). The Mormon Culture of Salvation. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 87–137. ISBN 0754613283.
  35. ^ a b c d Brown, Samuel M. (2006). "The 'Beautiful Death' in the Smith Family". BYU Studies Quarterly. 45 (4): 123–146.
  36. ^ Barnett, Steven G. (1981). "The Canes of the Martyrdom". BYU Studies Quarterly. 21 (2): 205–211.
  37. ^ Stapley, Jonathan A. (2011). "Last Rites and the Dynamics of Mormon Liturgy". BYU Studies Quarterly. 50 (2): 97–128.
  38. ^ Brown, Samuel Morris (2011). In Heaven as it is on Earth: Joseph Smith and the Early Mormon Conquest of Death. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–288. ISBN 9780199793570.
  39. ^ "President Monson: 'Welcome to conference'", Church News, 4 October 2014, archived from the original on 5 October 2014
  40. ^ Moskin, Julia (24 January 2012), "Not Just for Sundays After Church: A New Generation Redefines Mormon Cuisine", The New York Times, The basic dinner was meat in cream-of-something soup on mashed something... No one comes to Utah for the food... 'Mormon food' should be seen as part of a larger Western tradition of hearty meals, seasonal eating and food preservation that is in keeping with modern farm-to-table ideals .... As the church becomes more international, that Utah Mormon food is no longer the standard... Mormon home cooks are unusually adept in the kitchen by modern standards .... In the 1960s, Mormon women (like most Americans) enthusiastically embraced inexpensive convenience foods like canned fruit, instant potatoes and, of course, Jell-O. For some reason, the Utah Mormons took longer to come out of that phase... Powdered milk and eggs; dried beans; canned vegetables, fruit, and even canned meat and cheese are staples of many kitchens. (This may have something to do with the stereotypical blandness of traditional Mormon food.) ... For most Mormons over 40, two standard dishes sum up the tradition: green Jell-O and funeral potatoes. Green Jell-O, a fluffy dessert of whipped cream and crushed pineapple folded into lime gelatin, is a constant presence at parties. Funeral potatoes, a rich casserole of grated potatoes, sour cream, cheese and cream-of-something soup, is delivered to the bereaved, and serves as a side dish for ham on Christmas and Easter. It tastes like the inside of a baked potato mashed with plenty of sour cream and Cheddar, and it takes only one savory, fluffy forkful to see why the dish is a classic.
  41. ^ Stephenson, Kathy (3 May 2006), "Utahns Enter the Scone Zone", Salt Lake Tribune, It's no secret, Utahns love deep-fried dough, especially when it is hot from bubbling oil and slathered with whipped honey-butter. But who - and why - dubbed it a scone? 'That's what we've always called them,' said Connie Pope, owner of the 7-11 Ranch Restaurant in Vernal, where guests get a homemade scone with every meal and families and businesses buy them by the dozens... The Utah scone bears no resemblance to the European scone that is served with high tea in England, Scotland and Ireland. In those countries, a scone is a small, triangular-shaped biscuit that is baked and then spread with thickened cream (called clotted cream) and preserves... Most people born and raised in Utah remain blissfully unaware that scones in the rest of the world do not arrive hot, greasy, golden brown and sometimes the size of a Frisbee. 'I don't think most Utahns know what an English scone is,' said Vickie Warner, owner of the Sconecutter restaurant chain, with 11 locations, all in Utah.
  42. ^ See churchofjesuschrist.org, byu.edu, and ldsvoices.com Archived 3 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine for a collection of audio and video resources.
  43. ^ "Gospel Topics: Cross", lds.org, LDS Church
  44. ^ Reed, Michael (2012). Banishing the Cross: The Emergence of a Mormon Taboo. Independence, Missouri: John Whitmer Books. pp. 67–122. ISBN 978-1934901359. OCLC 844370293.
  45. ^ Peterson, Boyd Jay (2013). "Rethinking the LDS Aversion to the Cross" (PDF). Dialogue. 46 (2). Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  46. ^ "21.2.1 Artwork § Policies on Using Church Buildings and Other Property", Handbook 2: Administering the Church, LDS Church, 2010
  47. ^ Hunter, Howard W. (November 1994), "Exceeding Great and Precious Promises", Ensign: 8
  48. ^ Hinckley, Gordon B. (April 2005), "The Symbol of Our Faith", Ensign
  49. ^ a b Handbook 2: Administering the Church (2010).
  50. ^ "Birth Control". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  51. ^ "Handbook 2: Administering the Church". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  52. ^ Bush Jr., Lester E. (Fall 1976). "Birth Control Among the Mormons: An Introduction to an Insistent Question" (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 10 (2): 21. doi:10.2307/45224570. JSTOR 45224570. S2CID 254404025. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  53. ^ "Teachings Concerning Birth Control and Family Size: First Presidency Statements and Church Handbook of Instructions" (PDF). emp.byui.edu. BYU-Idaho Employee Website. May 2004. p. 3. Archived from the original on 15 January 2007.
  54. ^ a b Fletcher Stack, Peggy (5 November 2012), "12 myths about Mormons – From caffeine to the Bible to birth control", The Salt Lake Tribune
  55. ^ a b Oaks, Dallin H. (December 1971). "Standards of Dress and Grooming". New Era. LDS Church.
  56. ^ Stack, Peggy Fletcher (5 April 2013), "How beards became barred among top Mormon leaders", The Salt Lake Tribune
  57. ^ Arave, Lynn (17 March 2003). "Theology about beards can get hairy". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015.
  58. ^ "FYI: For Your Information". New Era: 48–51. June 1989. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
  59. ^ Bergera, Gary James; Priddis, Ronald (1985). "Chapter 3: Standards & the Honor Code". Brigham Young University: A House of Faith. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 978-0-941214-34-6. OCLC 12963965.
  60. ^ "Church Educational System Dress and Grooming Principles and Expectations". Policy.BYU.edu. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  61. ^ "BEARD WAIVER PROCEDURES". HRS.BYU.edu. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  62. ^ Turkewitznov, Julie (17 November 2014), "At Brigham Young, Students Push to Lift Ban on Beards", The New York Times, archived from the original on 18 November 2014
  63. ^ Phillip, Abby (14 January 2015), "Brigham Young University adjusts anti-beard policies amid student protests", The Washington Post
  64. ^ Knox, Annie (15 January 2015), "BYU clarifies beard policy; spells out exceptions", The Salt Lake Tribune
  65. ^ McDonald, Amy (17 January 2015), "Muslims celebrate BYU beard policy exemption", Provo Daily Herald, archived from the original on 14 October 2015, retrieved 21 January 2015
  66. ^ "BYU beard ban doesn't apply to Muslim students", Standard-Examiner, (AP), 19 January 2015, archived from the original on 21 January 2015 Reprinted by Deseret News, KSL, and KUTV.
  67. ^ Evans, Whitney (27 September 2014), "Students rally for beard 'revolution' in Provo", Deseret News, archived from the original on 2 October 2014
  68. ^ Knox, Annie (26 September 2014), "BYU student asks school to chop beard ban", The Salt Lake Tribune, archived from the original on 25 November 2014, retrieved 25 November 2014
  69. ^ Evans, Whitney (27 September 2014), Students protest BYU beard restriction, KSL 5 News
  70. ^ Cutler, Annie (26 September 2014), 'Bike for Beards' event part of BYU students' fight for facial hair freedom, Fox 13 News (KSTU)
  71. ^ Knox, Annie (24 November 2014), "Beard ban at Mormon schools getting stricter, students say", The Salt Lake Tribune
  72. ^ Modesty, LDS Church
  73. ^ Lowry Nelson and First Presidency Letter Exchange. Utah State University, Merrill-Cazier Library, Special Collections and Archives Division. Retrieved 2 June 2017. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  74. ^ Bush, Lester E. (1973). "Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview" (PDF). Dialogue. 8 (1).
  75. ^ Lund, John Lewis (1967). The Church and the Negro. Salt Lake City, Utah: Paramount Publishers.
  76. ^ Whalen, William Joseph (1964). The Latter-Day Saints in the Modern Day World: An Account of Contemporary Mormonism. New York City: The John Day Company. p. 254. Retrieved 16 September 2017. We are not unmindful of the fact that there is a growing tendency [...] toward the breaking down of race barriers in the matter of intermarriage between whites and blacks, but it does not have the sanction of the Church and is contrary to Church doctrine.
  77. ^ Journal of Discourses 10:104–11.
  78. ^ Mark E. Petersen, "Race Problems – As They Affect The Church", Convention of Teachers of Religion on the College Level, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 27 August 1954.
  79. ^ a b "Interracial Marriage Discouraged", Church News, 17 June 1978, p. 2.
  80. ^ Paul T. Roberts (August 1983). A History of the Development and Objectives of the LDS Church News Section of the Deseret News (MA thesis). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, Department of Communications. p. 7.
  81. ^ Don LeFevre, Salt Lake Tribune, 14 June 1978.
  82. ^ Robert L. Millet, "Church Response to Jon Krakauer's Under the Banner of Heaven", 27 June 2003.
  83. ^ Embry, Jessie L. (1994). Black Saints in a White Church. Signature Books. p. 169. ISBN 1-56085-044-2. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  84. ^ "Lesson 31: Choosing an Eternal Companion". Aaronic Priesthood Manual 3. LDS Church. 1995. pp. 127–29. Archived from the original on 1 July 2012.
  85. ^ a b c d Malan, Mark Kim; Bullough, Vern (December 2005). "Historical development of new masturbation attitudes in Mormon culture: Silence, secular conformity, counterrevolution, and emerging reform". Sexuality and Culture. 9 (4): 80–127. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.8039. doi:10.1007/s12119-005-1003-z. S2CID 145480822.
  86. ^ Understanding and Helping Those Who Have Homosexual Problems: Suggestions for Ecclesiastical Leaders, Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church, 1992. Reprint Archived 2016-09-29 at the Wayback Machine without permission at qrd.org.
  87. ^ Packer, Boyd (1976), To Young Men Only (PDF), LDS Church, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2016
  88. ^ Fletcher Stack, Peggy (12 December 2017). "Some parents and therapists say Mormon bishops' interviews with children about sexual matters are 'intrusive, inappropriate'". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2017. First is when the Mormon lay leader of a congregation (usually the bishop and always a male) calls in the boys and girls in his flock from age 12 on up for an annual interview to ask about their [...] adherence to the law of chastity. Some bishops pose pointed questions about moral cleanliness in these conversations, perhaps quizzing about masturbation, heavy petting or fornication, while others keep their queries more general. The other type of interview is when penitent churchgoers go to their bishops to confess actions the church deems to be 'serious sins.' This exchange may also delve into details of intimate sexual behavior. [...] [T]he 'For the Strength of Youth' booklet [says,] 'Do not do anything else that arouses sexual feelings. Do not arouse those emotions in your own body.' Though the church's own Handbook [...] never mentions 'masturbation,' many bishops read the above sentence to mean just that. Some LDS leaders routinely ask both boys and girls about it in every interview.
  89. ^ Malan, Mark Kim; Bullough, Vern (December 2005). "Historical development of new masturbation attitudes in Mormon culture: Silence, secular conformity, counterrevolution, and emerging reform". Sexuality and Culture. 9 (4): 95, 97, 101, 104, 115–116, 118. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.8039. doi:10.1007/s12119-005-1003-z. S2CID 145480822.
  90. ^ Parker, Natasha Helfer (28 April 2015). "The Mormon Therapist: Neither a Sin nor a Transgression". sunstonemagazine.com. Sunstone Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  91. ^ Bridgstock, Robert (1 January 2014). The Youngest Bishop in England: Beneath the Surface of Mormonism. See Sharp Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-1937276034. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  92. ^ Body Piercing, LDS Church, 2004
  93. ^ Chastity, LDS Church, 2021
  94. ^ Tattooing, LDS Church, 2021

References

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