Alîkarî:IPA ji bo almanî

Di grafîkên jêr rê bide ku di Alfabeya Fonetîk a Navneteweyî (IPA) temsîlî Zimanê almanî dike ku nîqaşkirinên di nav gotarên Wîkîpediya de.

Binêre Standard dengsaziyê alman ji bo awireke kûr û zêdetir li dengên alman. Ji bo agahiyên li ser çawa veguhertina rastnivîsa ji bo bilêvkirin, binêre Rastnivîsa almanî § Not.

Dengdêr
DE	AT	CH	Mînak	Bilêvkirina kurdî
b			bei^[1]	ball
ç			ich, durch; China (DE)	hue
d			dann^[1]	done
f			für, von	fuss
ɡ			gut^[1]	guest
h			hat	hut
j			Jahr	yard
k			kann, Tag^[2]	cold
l			Leben	last
l̩			Mantel	bottle
m			Mann	must
m̩			Atem	rhythm
n			Name	not
n̩			beiden	suddenly
ŋ			lang	long
ŋ̍			wenigen	shock'ng (dialect for shocking)
p			Person, ab^[2]	puck
pf			Pfeffer	cupful
ʁ	r		reden^[3]	DE: French rouge AT, CH: far (Scottish)
s			lassen, Haus, groß	fast
ʃ			schon, Stadt	shall
t			Tag, und^[2]	tall
ts			Zeit, Platz	cats
tʃ			Matsch	match
v			was^[1]	vanish
x			nach	loch (no lock–loch merger)
z			Sie, diese^[1]	hose
ʔ			beamtet^[4] ([bəˈʔamtət])	the glottal stops in uh-oh!
Non-native consonants
dʒ			Dschungel^[1]^[5]	jungle
ʒ			Genie^[1]^[5]	pleasure
Stress
ˈ			Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ			Bahnhofstraße ([ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə])	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/

Dengdar
DE	AT	CH	Mînak	Bilêvkirina kurdî
Monophthongs
a			alles^[6]	art (no r-colouring)
aː			aber, sah^[6]	father
ɛ			Ende, hätte	bet
ɛː			spät, wählen^[7]	bed
eː			eben, gehen	pays (Scottish)
ɪ			ist, bitte	sit
iː			viel, Berlin	tea
ɔ			Osten, kommen	lot (RP and Australian)
oː			oder, hohe	law (RP and Australian)
œ			öffnen	roughly like hurt (no r-colouring)
øː			Österreich	roughly like herd (no r-colouring)
ʊ			und	took (Australian)
uː			Hut	pool
ʏ			müssen	roughly like Scottish shoot
yː			über	roughly like Scottish shoes
Diphthongs
aɪ			ein	bite
aʊ			auf	shout
ɔʏ		ɔɪ	Euro, Häuser	loiter
Reduced vowels
ɐ		ər	immer^[3]	DE, AT: roughly like fun CH: butter (Scottish)
ə			Name	ago
Semivowels
ɐ̯		r	Uhr^[3]	DE, AT: roughly like idea CH: far (Scottish)
i̯			Studie	yard
u̯			aktuell	would
Non-native vowels
ãː			Gourmand^[8]	chanson (French pron., but long)
ɛ̃ː			Pointe^[8]	vingt-et-un (French pron., but long)
õː			Garçon^[8]	chanson (French pron., but long)
œ̃ː			Parfum^[8]	vingt-et-un (French pron., but long)
œːɐ̯			O₂ World^[9]	roughly like herd
Shortened vowels
a			Kalender^[6]^[10]	art (no r-colouring)
ã			engagieren^[8]	chanson (short [ãː])
ɛ̃			impair^[8]	vingt-et-un (short [ɛ̃ː])
e			Element^[10]	pace (Scottish)
i			Italien^[10]	teach
o			originell^[10]	force (RP and Australian)
õ			foncé^[8]	chanson (short [õː])
œ̃			Lundist^[8]	vingt-et-un (short [œ̃ː])
ø			Ökonom^[10]	roughly like hurt (no r-colouring)
u			Universität^[10]	truth
y			Psychologie^[10]	roughly like Scottish shoot

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.
^ ^a ^b ^c In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]
^ Initial vowels are usually preceded by [[[
en:Glottal stop|ʔ]]], except in Swiss Standard German.
^ ^a ^b Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall (2003:42)). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.
^ ^a ^b ^c Some scholars write [ɑː] for [aː], and [ɑ] for its shortened counterpart, thus differentiating between regular [a] and shortened [ɑ] (see e.g. Wierzbicka & Rynkowska (1992:412–415)).
^ In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [[[
en:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold (2005:65)).
^ [œːɐ̯] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur. (Krech et al. (2009:64, 142)).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold (2005:65)).

Bibliography

Hall, Christopher (2003) [First published 1992], Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English (Çapa 2nd), Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-6689-1
Hove, Ingrid (2002), Die Aussprache der Standardsprache in der Schweiz, Tübingen: Niemeyer, ISBN 978-3-484-23147-4
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (Çapa 6th), Duden, ISBN 978-3411040667
Wierzbicka, Irena; Rynkowska, Teresa (1992), Samouczek języka niemieckiego: kurs wstępny (Çapa 6th), Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-214-0284-4

[fortislenis-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, z, dʒ, ʒ/ are voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] and are distinguished from /p, t, k, s, tʃ, ʃ/ only by articulatory strength (/v/ is really voiced). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊] as well as [v̥] occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for /b, d, ɡ/, often also word-initially. See fortis and lenis.

[devoicing-2] In German Standard German, voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are devoiced to [p, t, k] at the end of a syllable.

[r-allophones-3] Pronunciation of /r/ in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only [r], that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, Bavaria and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant [ʁ]. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the /r/ in the syllable coda is vocalized to [ɐ̯] after long vowels or after all vowels, and /ər/ is pronounced as [ɐ]

[4] Initial vowels are usually preceded by [[[
en:Glottal stop|ʔ]]], except in Swiss Standard German.

[postalveolarlenis-5] Many speakers lack the lenis /ʒ/ and replace it with its fortis counterpart /ʃ/ (Hall (2003:42)). The same applies to the corresponding lenis /dʒ/, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart /tʃ/. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.

[openvowels-6] Some scholars write [ɑː] for [aː], and [ɑ] for its shortened counterpart, thus differentiating between regular [a] and shortened [ɑ] (see e.g. Wierzbicka & Rynkowska (1992:412–415)).

[7] In Northern Germany, /ɛː/ often merges with /eː/ to [[[
en:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]].

[nasalV-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long [ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː] when stressed and short [ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃] when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with [aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ] irrespective of length, and the [ŋ] in these sequences may optionally be assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant, e.g. Ensemble [aŋˈsaŋbl̩] or [anˈsambl̩] for [ãˈsãːbl̩] (Mangold (2005:65)).

[9] [œːɐ̯] is the German rendering of the English NURSE vowel /ɜːr/. It also appears in certain French surnames, e.g. Vasseur. (Krech et al. (2009:64, 142)).

[shorttense-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g [a, e, i, o, ø, u, y], the short versions of the long vowels [aː, eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː], are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in jedoch [jeˈdɔx], soeben [zoˈʔeːbn̩], vielleicht [fiˈlaɪçt] etc. In casual speech short [e, i, o, ø, u, y] preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a [ʔ]) may be replaced with [ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ], e.g. [jɛˈdɔx], [fɪˈlaɪçt] (Mangold (2005:65)).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

See also

Notes

Bibliography