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Construction was the economic sector which saw the greatest job vacancy rate in the EU in 2023, with a rate of 3.4 percent in quarter three of that year. Services saw a lower rate in the same quarter, at 2.9 percent, while industry saw the lowest job vacancy rate of all, at two percent. The job vacancy rate in all sectors saw a spike during the reopening of European economies in 2021 and 2022 following the pandemic-related shutdown of economies in 2020. The job vacancy rate in all sectors reached a historic peak in quarter two of 2022, after which they have begun to decline gradually.

Job vacancy rate in the European Union from Q4 2010 to Q3 2023, by economic sector

Characteristic	Industry except construction	Construction	Services
Q4 2010	0.8%	1.2%	1.5%
Q1 2011	0.9%	1.5%	1.9%
Q2 2011	1%	1.4%	1.6%
Q3 2011	0.9%	1.2%	1.5%
Q4 2011	0.8%	1.6%	1.6%
Q1 2012	0.9%	1.4%	1.7%
Q2 2012	0.8%	1.6%	1.5%
Q3 2012	0.8%	1.4%	1.4%
Q4 2012	0.8%	1.5%	1.4%
Q1 2013	0.8%	1.4%	1.6%
Q2 2013	0.7%	1.2%	1.5%
Q3 2013	0.8%	1.3%	1.4%
Q4 2013	0.8%	1.5%	1.5%
Q1 2014	0.9%	1.5%	1.7%
Q2 2014	0.8%	1.5%	1.6%
Q3 2014	0.9%	1.6%	1.6%
Q4 2014	0.8%	1.4%	1.7%
Q1 2015	0.9%	1.7%	1.8%
Q2 2015	1%	1.8%	1.7%
Q3 2015	1%	1.5%	1.7%
Q4 2015	1%	1.5%	1.8%
Q1 2016	1.2%	2%	1.9%
Q2 2016	1.1%	2.1%	1.9%
Q3 2016	1.1%	2%	1.8%
Q4 2016	1.2%	1.8%	1.9%
Q1 2017	1.4%	2.4%	2.2%
Q2 2017	1.4%	2.6%	2.1%
Q3 2017	1.4%	2.6%	2.2%
Q4 2017	1.6%	2.5%	2.2%
Q1 2018	1.7%	2.9%	2.4%
Q2 2018	1.7%	3.2%	2.3%
Q3 2018	1.7%	3.2%	2.3%
Q4 2018	1.8%	3.1%	2.5%
Q1 2019	1.8%	3.4%	2.6%
Q2 2019	1.7%	3.5%	2.5%
Q3 2019	1.5%	3.5%	2.4%
Q4 2019	1.5%	3.3%	2.4%
Q1 2020	1.3%	3.2%	2.1%
Q2 2020	1%	2.5%	1.7%
Q3 2020	1.2%	2.9%	1.8%
Q4 2020	1.3%	3%	1.9%
Q1 2021	1.5%	3.4%	2.2%
Q2 2021	1.7%	3.5%	2.5%
Q3 2021	1.9%	3.8%	2.8%
Q4 2021	2.1%	3.8%	2.9%
Q1 2022	2.3%	4.2%	3.4%
Q2 2022	2.3%	4.2%	3.4%
Q3 2022	2.2%	3.9%	3.2%
Q4 2022	2.2%	3.8%	3.1%
Q1 2023	2.1%	3.8%	3.2%
Q2 2023	2.1%	3.6%	3%
Q3 2023	2%	3.4%	2.9%

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Release date

December 2023

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Region

Europe, EU

Survey time period

Q4 2010 to Q3 2023

Supplementary notes

A 'job vacancy' is defined as a paid post that is newly created, unoccupied, or about to become vacant: (a) for which the employer is taking active steps and is prepared to take further steps to find a suitable candidate from outside the enterprise concerned; and (b) which the employer intends to fill either immediately or within a specific period of time.

The job vacancy rate (JVR) measures the proportion of total posts that are vacant, according to the definition of job vacancy above, expressed as a percentage as follows: JVR = number of job vacancies / (number of occupied posts + number of job vacancies).

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