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\rho=\frac{1}{n \sigma_x \sigma_y}\,\sum^n_{i=1}\,(x_i-\mu_x)(y_i-\mu_y)
\end{displaymath}

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f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma}\mbox{exp}[-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}]
\end{displaymath}

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\begin{displaymath}
\mu =\int^{\infty}_{-\infty} \, x f(x) \,dx
\end{displaymath}

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\begin{displaymath}
g(x)=[\pi(1+x^2)]^{-1}
\end{displaymath}

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\begin{displaymath}
\sigma =[\int^{\infty}_{-\infty}(x-\mu)^2 f(x)dx]^{1/2}
\end{displaymath}

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\end{displaymath}

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¹q¤l­pºâ¾÷©ó¤G¦¸¤j¾Ô«áµo®i¤@¤é¤d¨½¡A1950¦~«áº¥¶i¤J¹ê¥Î¶¥¬q¡C­pºâ¾÷ªº¥X²{¤£¦ý¨Ï²Î­p­pºâ¤u§@²¤Æ¡A¦Ó¥B§Ö±¶¡C¤×¨ä¬O¦³¤F²Î­p¦¨®Mµ{¦¡ (Statistical package) ¥H«á¡A§ó¬°¤è«K¡A¥u­nª¾¹DÀ³±Ä¥Î¦óºØ²Î­p¤èªk´N¯à¨Ï¥Î¡C1972¦~´f´¶ (Heweleit Packard) ¤½¥qµo®i¥X´x¤W«¬­pºâ¾¹ (calculator)¡A¹ï©ó¤@¯ë¤p²Î­p°ÝÃDªº¸Ñ¨M¡A§ó¬O¤è«K¡A¤£¥²¦]¬°²Î­p°ÝÃD¯S¦a¨ì­pºâ¾÷¤¤¤ß¥h¡C

²Î­p¬°¤@¬ì¾Ç¤èªk¡A¨ä¥iÀ³¥Î½d³ò¡A¹M¤Î¦ÛµM¬ì¾Ç¤ÎªÀ·|¬ì¾Çªº¾ã­Ó»â°ì¤¤ªº³\¦h³¡¤À¡A¤j¤Z¹A·~¡B¤u·~¡B°Ó·~¡B±Ð¨|¡BÂåÃÄ¡B¬Fªv¡BªÀ·|¡B¸gÀÙµ¥µ¥³\¦h°ÝÃDµL¤£¾A¦X±Ä¥Î²Î­p¤èªk³B²z¡A²Î­p¾Ç¶Ç¤J§Ú°êÁö¤w¦³¬Û·í®É¤é¡A¦ý¬O§Ú°ê¥Ø«eÁÙ¥u¦³¬F©²¾÷Ãö¸û¬°­«µø¡A¥Á¶¡¤u°Ó¥ø·~ªñ¦~¨ÓÁöµM¤]º¥º¥Á¿¨D¬ì¾ÇºÞ²z¡A¦ý¬O¤j¦h¥¼¯àÀ³¥Î²Î­p¤èªk¡C

1. Dale E.Varbery ¡mThe development of modern statistics¡n Part I, II, The Mathematics Teacher April 1963 p.252-257 May 1963 p.44-348.
2. Mario F.Triola ¡mMathematics and the modern world¡n Cummings Publishing Company, 1973.

 
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