elmúlik
Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]elmúlik
- (intransitive) to pass, go by (time)
- (intransitive) to stop, cease (pain)
- (intransitive) to vanish, fade away (memories)
Usage notes
[edit]- This verb is a member of one of those (few) quasi-homonymous verb pairs that exist both with and without an -ik ending. All (intransitive) suffixed forms of these pairs are identical (sometimes they can even have derived forms that coincide), with the exception of their dictionary form (the third-person singular indicative present, with or without -ik). However, the meaning of these pairs is usually distinct, sometimes unrelated. Examples include (fel)áldoz–(le)áldozik, bán–bánik, (meg)bíz–(meg)bízik, (meg)ér–(meg)érik, esz (rare)–eszik, hajol–hajlik, (felül)múl–(el)múlik, (hozzá)nyúl–nyúlik, (el)vesz–(el)veszik~(el)vész, and tör–törik (along with their verbal prefixes), hall–hallik (archaic), érez–érzik (archaic), sometimes with some difference: (el)hibáz–hibádzik, (le)torkol–torkollik. Therefore one may well need to check the context and the arguments to ascertain which member of the verb pair is relevant.
- This verb is called a pseudo-ik verb, as its -ik ending presents itself only in the 3rd-person singular (indicative present) form, but it is not an -ik verb in any other aspect. As a result, it cannot take the -om/-em/-öm ending in the 1st-person singular (indicative present) form, even in the most erudite style, only -ok/-ek/-ök. Naturally, the optional -m ending cannot appear, either, in their subjunctive or conditional 1st-person singular forms, so only -jak/-jek and -nék is possible in these respective forms. These verbs include the following: bomlik, (el)bújik, (meg)érik, (le)folyik, (össze)gyűlik, hazudik, (le)hull(ik), (bele)/(oda)illik, (meg)jelenik, (el)kopik, (el)múlik, ömlik, (meg)születik, (meg)szűnik, (meg)telik, tojik, (el)törik, (el)/(fel)tűnik, (el)válik, and (el)züllik. (Ki)nyílik partially belongs here, as it cannot take the first-person -om ending but it can take the third-person -jék.
Conjugation
[edit]conjugation of elmúlik
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | elmúlok | elmúlsz | elmúlik | elmúlunk | elmúltok | elmúlnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | elmúltam | elmúltál | elmúlt | elmúltunk | elmúltatok | elmúltak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. el fog múlni. | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | elmúlék | elmúlál | elmúla | elmúlánk | elmúlátok | elmúlának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. elmúlik vala, elmúlt vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | elmúlandok | elmúlandasz | elmúland | elmúlandunk | elmúlandotok | elmúlandanak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | elmúlnék | elmúlnál | elmúlna | elmúlnánk | elmúlnátok | elmúlnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. elmúlt volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | elmúljak | elmúlj or elmúljál |
elmúljon | elmúljunk | elmúljatok | elmúljanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. elmúlt légyen | ||||||||
| Infinitive | elmúlni | elmúlnom | elmúlnod | elmúlnia | elmúlnunk | elmúlnotok | elmúlniuk | ||
| Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
| elmúlás | elmúló | elmúlt | ― | elmúlva (elmúlván) | elmulaszt | ||||
| The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem múlik el or el is múlik. | |||||||||
potential conjugation of elmúlik
| Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | elmúlhatok | elmúlhatsz | elmúlhat | elmúlhatunk | elmúlhattok | elmúlhatnak | |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indef. | elmúlhattam | elmúlhattál | elmúlhatott | elmúlhattunk | elmúlhattatok | elmúlhattak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | elmúlhaték | elmúlhatál | elmúlhata | elmúlhatánk | elmúlhatátok | elmúlhatának | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. elmúlhat vala, elmúlhatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
| Archaic Future |
Indef. | elmúlhatandok or elmúlandhatok |
elmúlhatandasz or elmúlandhatsz |
elmúlhatand or elmúlandhat |
elmúlhatandunk or elmúlandhatunk |
elmúlhatandotok or elmúlandhattok |
elmúlhatandanak or elmúlandhatnak | ||
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | elmúlhatnék | elmúlhatnál | elmúlhatna | elmúlhatnánk | elmúlhatnátok | elmúlhatnának | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. elmúlhatott volna | ||||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | elmúlhassak | elmúlhass or elmúlhassál |
elmúlhasson | elmúlhassunk | elmúlhassatok | elmúlhassanak | |
| Def. | ― | ||||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
| (Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. elmúlhatott légyen | ||||||||
| Inf. | (elmúlhatni) | (elmúlhatnom) | (elmúlhatnod) | (elmúlhatnia) | (elmúlhatnunk) | (elmúlhatnotok) | (elmúlhatniuk) | ||
| Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (elmúlhatva / elmúlhatván) | ||||
| The prefix can split from the verb stem, e.g. nem múlhat el or el is múlhat. | |||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Expressions
Further reading
[edit]- elmúlik in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- elmúlik in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).