Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jь
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Balto-Slavic *is, from Proto-Indo-European *ís and Proto-Indo-European *yós. Cognate with Lithuanian jis (“he”), Latin is.
Determiner
[edit]Declension
[edit]| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *jь | *ja | *je |
| Accusative | *jь | *jǫ | *je |
| Genitive | *jego | *jeję̇ | *jego |
| Locative | *jemь | *jeji | *jemь |
| Dative | *jemu | *jeji | *jemu |
| Instrumental | *jimь | *jejǫ | *jimь |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ja | *ji | *ji |
| Accusative | *ja | *ji | *ji |
| Genitive | *jeju | *jeju | *jeju |
| Locative | *jeju | *jeju | *jeju |
| Dative | *jima | *jima | *jima |
| Instrumental | *jima | *jima | *jima |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ji | *ję̇ | *ja |
| Accusative | *ję̇ | *ję̇ | *ja |
| Genitive | *jixъ | *jixъ | *jixъ |
| Locative | *jixъ | *jixъ | *jixъ |
| Dative | *jimъ | *jimъ | *jimъ |
| Instrumental | *jimi | *jimi | *jimi |
In the relative function, *jь was supplemented with *že; see *jь že.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]- *jь, *čьjь, *jьnъ, *kъjь, *onъ, *ovъ, *sь, *tъ, *vьśь
- *jakъ, *jьnakъ, *kakъ, *onakъ, *ovakъ, *sicь, *takъ, *vьśakъ
- *koterъ, *jeterъ
Further reading
[edit]- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jь (že), *ja (že), *je (že)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 204
Pronoun
[edit]Declension
[edit]| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *jь | *ja | *je |
| Accusative | *jь | *jǫ | *je |
| Genitive | *jego | *jeję̇ | *jego |
| Locative | *jemь | *jeji | *jemь |
| Dative | *jemu | *jeji | *jemu |
| Instrumental | *jimь | *jejǫ | *jimь |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ja | *ji | *ji |
| Accusative | *ja | *ji | *ji |
| Genitive | *jeju | *jeju | *jeju |
| Locative | *jeju | *jeju | *jeju |
| Dative | *jima | *jima | *jima |
| Instrumental | *jima | *jima | *jima |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *ji | *ję̇ | *ja |
| Accusative | *ję̇ | *ję̇ | *ja |
| Genitive | *jixъ | *jixъ | *jixъ |
| Locative | *jixъ | *jixъ | *jixъ |
| Dative | *jimъ | *jimъ | *jimъ |
| Instrumental | *jimi | *jimi | *jimi |
Already in Old Church Slavonic, the nominative forms of this pronoun had mostly fallen out of use, and were supplanted by reflexes of *onъ (“that over there”) and *tъ (“this, that”). It's not certain whether this had already happened within Proto-Slavic but it is likely.
Following a preposition, a prothetic n- is attached to the pronoun in many Slavic languages, including Old Church Slavonic. This probably arose through resegmentation of prepositions that originally ended in -n; through the law of open syllables, it became preferable to consider the final consonant as part of the next syllable, so it was shifted onto the pronoun.
Descendants
[edit]In most of the descendants, the pronoun only survives in the inflected forms, which have often become part of a suppletive paradigm, and are combined with a nominative form from an unrelated root (*onъ or *tъ). As such, the roots of the inflections derived from this pronoun have been shown, linking to the nominative masculine pronoun.
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: и (i) (rare in the nominative)
- Old Ruthenian:
- Belarusian: я-, і-, ё- (ja-, i-, jo-)
- Ukrainian: йо-, ї-, не-, ньо-, ни- (jo-, ji-, ne-, nʹo-, ny-)
- Russian: е-, и-, не-, ни-, нё- (je-, i-, ne-, ni-, njo-)
- Old Ruthenian:
- Old East Slavic: и (i) (rare in the nominative)
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: и (i) (rare in the nominative)
- Bulgarian: и-, не- (i-, ne-)
- Macedonian: и-, не- (i-, ne-)
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic script: је-, јо-, ју-, и-, ње-, њо-, њу-, њи-
- Latin script: je-, jo-, ju-, i-, nje-, njo-, nju-, nji
- Slovene: je-, jo-, ju-, ji-, nje-, njo-, nju-, nji-
- West Slavic:
- Czech: je-, ji-, jí-, ně-, ni-, ní-
- Kashubian: je-, nie-, ni-
- Polish: je-, i-, nie-, ni-
- Slovak: je-, i-, ne-, ni-, ní-, ňo-
Further reading
[edit]- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jь (že), *ja (že), *je (že)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 204
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “он”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*jь(že)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 208: “prn.”
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Olander, Thomas (2001) “jь ja je”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “he: cf. Table X (SA 35f., 244; PR 138)”