보다

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: -보다

Korean

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [po̞da̠]
    • Audio:(file)
  • Phonetic hangul: [보다]
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?boda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?boda
McCune–Reischauer?poda
Yale Romanization?pota

Etymology 1

[edit]

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 보다〮 (Yale: pwòtá). Cognate with Jeju 보다 (boda).

Verb

[edit]

보다 • (boda) (infinitive 봐 or 보아, sequential 보니) (transitive)

Korean verb set
Base 보다 (boda)
Causative보이다 (boida)
  1. to see, to look at, to watch (to perceive with the eyes)
    영화를 보다 ― yeonghwa-reul boda ― to watch a film
    그들은 여러가지 화초를 보고 있다.
    Geudeur-eun yeoreogaji hwacho-reul bogo itda.
    They are looking at various plants.
  2. to look after (a baby, child, house, etc.)
    아이를 보다 ― ai-reul boda ― to look after a child
  3. (of a food or product) to try, to examine (before the meal or purchase)
    미리 맛을 보다 ― miri mas-eul boda ― to taste the food beforehand
  4. (auxiliary, with the infinitive) to experience; used very commonly with various verbs to indicate that one has had a concrete experience via the action of the main verb.
    한국에 가 본 적이 있어요?
    Han'gug-e ga bon jeog-i isseo-yo?
    Have you ever been to Korea?
    (literally, “Have you experienced going to Korea?”)
  5. (auxiliary, after the infinitive) to try, to try out
    한번 생각해 볼게요.
    Hanbeon saenggakhae bolge-yo.
    I'll consider it.
    (literally, “I'll try thinking about it.”)
    이거 좀 봐봐.
    Igeo jom bwabwa.
    Have a look at this.
    (literally, “Try looking at this.”)
  6. (auxiliary, with 고 or 다(가)) Used to denote that the experience of the main verb has led to a certain conclusion or realization.
    살다 보니 인생 별거 아니더라.
    Salda boni insaeng byeolgeo anideora.
    Now that I've lived for a while, life really isn't something special.
  7. to consider, to regard
    Synonyms: 여기다 (yeogida), 생각하다 (saenggakhada)
    그는 공산주의을 좋게 본다.
    Geu-neun gongsanjuui-eul joke bonda.
    He has a favorable attitude towards Communism.
  8. to read (not out loud)
    Synonym: 읽다 (ikda)
    보는 신문 ― boneun sinmun ― the newspaper one is subscribed to
  9. to meet (for a prearranged purpose)
    Hypernym: 만나다 (mannada, “to meet (in general)”)
    우리 며칠에 볼까?
    Uri myeochir-e bolkka?
    Which day should we meet up on?
  10. (of an examination) to take
    시험을 잘 보면 좋겠습니다.
    Siheom-eul jal bomyeon joketseumnida.
    I hope I do well on the test.
    (literally, “It would be good if I take the test well.”)
  11. (of divination or fortune-telling) to consult
    용한 만신을 찾아가서 점을 보다
    yonghan mansin-eul chajagaseo jeom-eul boda
    to seek out a powerful priestess and consult her divination
  12. to be in charge of
    Synonyms: 맡다 (matda), 도맡다 (domatda)
  13. (of profits or losses) to make
    이윤도 못 볼 판에 장사할 이유는 없다.
    Iyundo mot bol pan-e jangsahal iyu-neun eopda.
    There is no reason to do business when you will even not be able to make a gain.
  14. (euphemistic) to relieve oneself
    소변을 보다 ― sobyeon-eul boda ― to urinate
  15. (of a child, grandchild, child-in-law) to get
    드디어 아들을 보다 ― deudieo adeur-eul boda ― He got a son at last.
Usage notes
[edit]
  • When used as an auxiliary, the verb can be either spaced or not spaced from the main verb; the National Institute of Korean Language permits both spellings. Hence 해보다 (haeboda) and 해 보다 (hae boda) are both permissible. In practice, shorter main verbs tend not be spaced and longer verbs tend to be spaced.
  • (to try): This verb does not mean "to try hard" (e.g., "I tried to pass the exam."), but "to try out; to sample". For "try purposefully", the constructions —려(고) 하다 (-ryeo(go) hada) or —려고 노력하다 (-ryeogo noryeokhada) are used instead. Compare Japanese 見(み)る (miru).
Conjugation
[edit]
    Selected forms of the verb 보다 (boda): vowel-stem, regular
Sentence-final forms
Formal non-polite
(해라체) 		Informal non-polite
(해체) 		Informal polite
(해요체) 		Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 본다
bonda 		봐
bwa 		봐요, 보아요
bwayo, boayo 		봅니다
bomnida
Past 봤다
bwatda 		봤어
bwasseo 		봤어요
bwasseoyo 		봤습니다
bwatseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 보느냐
boneunya 		봐
bwa 		봐요, 보아요
bwayo, boayo 		봅니까
bomnikka
Past 봤느냐
bwanneunya 		봤어
bwasseo 		봤어요
bwasseoyo 		봤습니까
bwatseumnikka
Hortative 보자
boja		 봐
bwa		 봐요, 보아요
bwayo, boayo		 보십시다
bosipsida
Imperative 봐라, 보아라
bwara, boara		 봐
bwa		 봐요, 보아요
bwayo, boayo		 봅시오
bopsio
Assertive 보겠다
bogetda		 보겠어
bogesseo		 보겠어요
bogesseoyo		 보겠습니다
bogetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason 봐
bwa		 봐서, 보아서
bwaseo, boaseo		 보니
boni		 보니까
bonikka
Contrast 보지만
bojiman		 보는데
boneunde		 보더니
bodeoni
Conjunction 보고
bogo
Condition 보면
bomyeon		 봐야, 보아야
bwaya, boaya
Motive 보려고
boryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns 봄
bom		 보기
bogi
Past-tense verbal nouns 봤음, 보았음
bwasseum, boasseum		 봤기, 보았기
bwatgi, boatgi
Determiners Past 본
bon
Present 보는
boneun
Future 볼
bol
Sentence-final forms with honorific
Formal non-polite
(해라체) 		Informal non-polite
(해체) 		Informal polite
(해요체) 		Formal polite
(하십시오체)
Indicative Non-past 보신다
bosinda 		보셔
bosyeo 		보세요, 보셔요
boseyo, bosyeoyo 		보십니다
bosimnida
Past 보셨다
bosyeotda 		보셨어
bosyeosseo 		보셨어요
bosyeosseoyo 		보셨습니다
bosyeotseumnida
Interrogative Non-past 보시느냐
bosineunya 		보셔
bosyeo 		보세요, 보셔요
boseyo, bosyeoyo 		보십니까
bosimnikka
Past 보셨느냐
bosyeonneunya 		보셨어
bosyeosseo 		보셨어요
bosyeosseoyo 		보셨습니까
bosyeotseumnikka
Imperative 보시라
bosira		 보셔
bosyeo		 보세요
boseyo		 보십시오
bosipsio
Assertive 보시겠다
bosigetda		 보시겠어
bosigesseo		 보시겠어요
bosigesseoyo		 보시겠습니다
bosigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason 보셔
bosyeo		 보셔서
bosyeoseo		 보시니
bosini		 보시니까
bosinikka
Contrast 보시지만
bosijiman		 보시는데
bosineunde		 보시더니
bosideoni
Conjunction 보시고
bosigo
Condition 보시면
bosimyeon		 보셔야
bosyeoya
Motive 보시려고
bosiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns 보심
bosim		 보시기
bosigi
Past-tense verbal nouns 보셨음
bosyeosseum		 보셨기
bosyeotgi
Determiners Past 보신
bosin
Present 보시는
bosineun
Future 보실
bosil
Derived terms
[edit]
particles
  • 보고 (-bogo, “to; towards”)
  • 보다 (-boda, “than”, used to form comparisons)
verbs and nouns

Adjective

[edit]

보다 • (boda) (infinitive 봐 or 보아, sequential 보니) (defective, auxiliary)

  1. (after the interrogatives 은가 (-eun'ga), 는가 (-neun'ga), 나 (-na)) to seem (only in the present declarative conjugations)
    겨울도 끝나가나 봐.
    Gyeouldo kkeunnagana bwa.
    It looks like winter is coming to an end too.
  2. (after the interrogative 을까 (eulkka)) to intend to; generally used to make a threat that one does not really intend on carrying out (only in the present declarative conjugations)
    너가 계속 이러면 확 죽어버릴까 보다.
    Neoga gyesok ireomyeon hwak jugeobeorilkka boda.
    If you keep being like this, I'm going to kill myself.
  3. (after the interrogative 을까 (-eulkka)) to be out of the fear that (only in the conjugations 봐 (bwa) and 봐서 (bwaseo); the latter is rare)
    더울까봐 나시를 입었어.
    Deoulkkabwa nasi-reul ibeosseo.
    I wore a sleeveless shirt because I was worried it might be hot.
  4. (after 다 (-da), 고 (-go)) to be given that (only in the conjugation 보니 (boni))
Conjugation
[edit]

Defective; see above.

Etymology 2

[edit]

From 보다 (-boda, “than”, used for comparisons); see that entry for more. A colonial-era semantic loan from Japanese より, itself calqued from European constructions, not very common in colloquial speech.

Adverb

[edit]

보다 • (boda)

  1. relatively, more
    보다 높게
    boda nopge
    more higher; relatively higher
    보다 열심히
    boda yeolsimhi
    more enthusiastically
    Audio:(file)

Middle Korean

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): /pò.tá/, [pò.dá]

Verb

[edit]

보다〮 (pwòtá) (infinitive 보아〮, sequential 보니〮) (transitive)

  1. to see, to look at, to watch (to perceive with the eyes)
    • 1447, 《석보상절 / 釋譜詳節》 3:11ㄱ
      ᄒᆞᆫ 玉女 ᄀᆞᄐᆞ시니ᄅᆞᆯ 보ᅀᆞᆸ고 와 ᄉᆞᆯᄫᅩᄃᆡ 執杖釋의 ᄯᆞ니미 겨시더ᅌᅵ다.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1447, 《석보상절 / 釋譜詳節》 9:24 ㄴ
      아뫼나 ᄯᅩ 사ᄅᆞ미 모딘 ᄭᅮ믈 어더 구즌 相ᄋᆞᆯ 보거나 妖怪ᄅᆞᄫᆡᆫ 새 오거나 妖怪ᄂᆞᆫ 常例ᄅᆞᆸ디 아니ᄒᆞᆫ 荒唐ᄒᆞᆫ 이리라 잇논 ᄯᅡ해 온가짓 妖怪 뵈어나 ᄒᆞ거든 이 사ᄅᆞ미 種種 貴ᄒᆞ 거스로 뎌 藥師琉璃光如來ᄅᆞᆯ 恭敬ᄒᆞ야 供養ᄒᆞᅀᆞᄫᆞ면 머즌 ᄭᅮ미며 믈읫 됴티 몯ᄒᆞᆫ 이리 다 업서 분벼리 아니ᄃᆞ외며 믈블갈 모딘 것과 어려ᄫᅳᆫ 石壁과.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
    • 1459, 《월인석보 / 月印釋譜》 18:21ㄱ
      이 經을 보ᅀᆞᆸ건댄 智로 體ᄅᆞᆯ 셰시고.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  2. (auxiliary, with 어〮 (-é)) to try, to try out
  3. (auxiliary, with 어〮 (-é)) to experience

Conjugation

[edit]
The template Template:okm-conj-short/H! does not use the parameter(s): 
17=보과〮
18=pwòkwá
23=보〮가〮
24=pwóká
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

Selected conjugations of 보다〮 (pwòtá), Accentual class H!
Note that the majority of the forms below are unattested for any one verb. Orthography and pitch accent assignment can vary between sources.
Selected plain sentence-final forms
Declarative Interrogative Modulated
declarative
Polar question Wh-word question Second-person subject
Past 보다〮 (pwòtá)
보니〮라〮 (pwònílá)		 본가〮 (pwònká)
보녀〮 (pwònyé)		 본고〮 (pwònkwó)
보뇨〮 (pwònyó)		 본다〮 (pwòntá) 보〯라〮 (pwǒlá)
Present 보〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (pwónòtá)
보〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (pwónónìlá)		 보〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (pwónònká)
보〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (pwónònyé)		 보〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (pwónònkwó)
보〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (pwónònyó)		 보〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (pwónòntá) 보〮노라〮 (pwónwòlá)
Conjectural 보리〮라〮 (pwòlílá) 보ᇙ가〮 (pwòlqká)
보려〮 (pwòlyé)		 보ᇙ고〮 (pwòlqkwó)
보료〮 (pwòlyó)		 보ᇙ다〮 (pwòlqtá) 보〯리라〮 (pwǒlìlá)
Retrospective/
imperfective 		보〮더라〮 (pwótèlá)
보〮더〮니라〮 (pwóténìlá)		 보〮던가〮 (pwótènká)
보〮더녀〮 (pwótènyé)		 보〮던고〮 (pwótènkwó)
보〮더뇨〮 (pwótènyó)		 보〮던다〮 (pwótèntá) 보〮다라〮 (pwótàlá)
Promissive/Hortative Imperative Exclamatory/Emotive
보〯마〮 (pwǒmá, promissive)
보져〮 (pwòcyé, hortative)
보라〮 (pwòlá, order)
보고〮라〮 (pwòkwólá, request)
본뎌〮 (pwòntyé), 볼쎠〮 (pwòlssyé)
보〮도다〮 (pwótwòtá), 보〮돗다〮 (pwótwòstá)
보〮애라〮 (pwóàylá)
Selected highly deferential sentence-final forms
Past 보ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwòngìtá)
보니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwòníngìtá)		 보니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (pwòníngìská) 보니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (pwòníngìskwó) no separate forms 보〯ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwǒngìtá)
Present 보〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwónóngìtá)
보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwónòníngìtá)		 보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (pwónòníngìská) 보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (pwónòníngìskwó) 보〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwónwóngìtá)
Conjectural 보리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwòlíngìtá) 보리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (pwòlíngìská) 보리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (pwòlíngìskwó) 보〯리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwǒlíngìtá)
Promissive/Hortative Imperative Exclamatory/Emotive
보〯마〮 (pwǒmá, promissive)
보사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwòsángìtá, hortative)
보〮쇼셔〮 (pwósyòsyé, order)
보〮도다〮 (pwótwòtá), 보〮돗다〮 (pwótwòstá)
보〮애ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwóàyngìtá)
Selected honorific declarative forms
Past Present Conjectural Retrospective/
imperfective		 거 (-ke-) form
Plain subject-honoring 보〮시다〮 (pwósìtá)
보〮시〮니라〮 (pwósínìlá)		 보〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (pwósínòtá)
보〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (pwósìnónìlá)		 보〮시〮리라〮 (pwósílìlá) 보〮더〮시다〮 (pwótésìtá)
보〮더시〮니라〮 (pwótèsínìlá)		 보〮거〮시다〮 (pwókésìtá)
보〮거시〮니라〮 (pwókèsínìlá)
Deferential subject-honoring 보〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwósíngìtá)
보〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwósìníngìtá)		 보〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwósìnóngìtá)
보〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwósínòníngìtá)		 보〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwósìlíngìtá) 보〮더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwótésíngìtá)
보〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwótésìníngìtá)		 보〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwókèsíngìtá)
보〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (pwókésìníngìtá)
Plain object-honoring 보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯다〮 (pwózǒptá)
보〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (pwózòWónìlá)		 보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (pwózǒpnòtá)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (pwózǒpnónìlá)		 보〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (pwózòWólìlá) 보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (pwózǒptèlá)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (pwózǒpténìlá)		 보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯거다〮 (pwózǒpkètá)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯거〮니라〮 (pwózǒpkénìlá)
Selected connective forms
Connective Causative Conditional/situating Contrastive/concessive Purposive/desiderative Infinitive
보고〮 (pwòkwó)
보며〮 (pwòmyé)
보〮다가〮 (pwótàká)		 보니〮 (pwòní)
보〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (pwókènól)
볼ᄊᆡ〮 (pwòlssóy, only in declarative)
보관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (pwòkwántóy, only in interrogative)		 보면〮 (pwòmyén)
보〮거든〮 (pwókètún)
본대〮 (pwòntáy)
보〮건댄〮 (pwókèntáyn)		 보나〮 (pwòná)
보〯ᄃᆡ〮 (pwǒtóy)
본ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (pwòntól)
보〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (pwókénmàlón)		 보〯려〮 (pwǒlyé)
보고〮져〮 (pwòkwócyé, desires own action)
보과〮뎌〮 (pwòkwátyé, desires other's action)		 보아〮 (pwòá)
Adnominal/gerundive forms
Past Present Conjectural
Unmodulated non-honorific 본 (pwòn) 보〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (pwónón) 보ᇙ (pwòlq)
Modulated non-honorific 본〯 (pwǒn) 보〮논〮 (pwónwón) 보ᇙ〯 (pwǒlq)
Unmodulated subject-honoring 보〮신〮 (pwósín) 보〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (pwósìnón) 보〮시ᇙ〮 (pwósílq)
Substantive forms
Plain Subject-honoring
봄〯 (pwǒm)
보〮샴〮 (pwósyám)


Descendants

[edit]
  • Jeju: 보다 (boda)
  • Korean: 보다 (boda)
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=보다&oldid=82525341"