泥土

Chinese

		restrained; mud; paste restrained; mud; paste; pulp	earth; dust; rural earth; dust; rural; uncouth; uncultured; plebeian
trad. (泥土)		泥	土
simp. #(泥土)		泥	土

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): nítǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˊ ㄊㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): nai⁴ tou²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nài-thú
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): nî-thó͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ni⁵ tou²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: nítǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˊ ㄊㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: nítǔ
    • Wade–Giles: ni²-tʻu³
    • Yale: ní-tǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nituu
    • Palladius: ниту (nitu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: nai⁴ tou²
    • Yale: nàih tóu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: nai⁴ tou²
    • Guangdong Romanization: nei⁴ tou²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɐi̯²¹ tʰou̯³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nài-thú
    • Hakka Romanization System: nai^ˇ tu^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: nai² tu³
    • Sinological IPA: /nai̯¹¹ tʰu³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nî-thó͘
    • Tâi-lô: nî-thóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ni'tor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /nĩ²⁴⁻²² tʰɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /nĩ²⁴⁻²² tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /nĩ¹³⁻²² tʰɔ⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ni⁵ tou²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nî thóu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰou⁵²/

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• Middle Chinese: nej thuX

Rime
Character	泥	土
Reading #	1/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	I
Fanqie	奴低切	他魯切
Baxter	nej	thuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nei/	/tʰuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/nei/	/tʰuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/nɛi/	/tʰoX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɛj/	/tʰɔX/
Li Rong	/nei/	/tʰoX/
Wang Li	/niei/	/tʰuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/niei/	/tʰuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ní	tǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nai4	tou2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.nˤ[əj]  tʰˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*niːl  l̥ʰaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	泥	土
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	ní	tǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ nej ›	‹ thuX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.nˁ[əj]/	/*tʰˁaʔ/
English	mud	earth
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	泥	土
Reading #	1/2	1/2
No.	9417	12499
Phonetic component	尼	土
Rime group	脂	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	泥	土
Old Chinese	/*niːl/	/*l̥ʰaːʔ/

Noun

泥土

1. earth; soil
2. clay

Synonyms

• (earth; soil): (Hokkien, Teochew) 塗

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (泥土):

• → Japanese: 泥(でい)土(ど) (deido)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
泥	土
でい Grade: S	ど Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [de̞ːdo̞]

Noun

泥(でい)土(ど) • (deido) 

1. mud
   • 1941, 徳永直, こんにゃく売り:

     私(わたし)は着物(きもの)についた泥土(でいど)をはらって、もう一度(いちど)お辞儀(じぎ)した。

     Watashi wa kimono ni tsuita deido o haratte, mō ichi do o-jigi shita.

     I brushed off some mud stuck to my kimono and bowed once more.