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昔

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
昔 U+6614, 昔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6614
← 易
[U+6613] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 昕 →
[U+6615]

Translingual

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Han character

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昔 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿日 (TA), four-corner 44601, composition ⿱龷日)

  1. formerly
  2. ancient
  3. in the beginning

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 492, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13816
  • Dae Jaweon: page 855, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1488, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+6614

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 昔
alternative forms 㫺 ancient form
𣊦 ancient form
𦠡 ancient form

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 昔
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (昔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
借 *ʔsjaːɡs, *ʔsjaːɡ
唶 *ʔsjaːɡs
藉 *zjaːɡs, *zjaːɡ
躤 *zjaːɡs
蜡 *zraːɡs, *sʰaːɡs
齰 *zraːɡs, *zraːɡ
醋 *sʰaːɡs
錯 *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ
措 *sʰaːɡs
厝 *sʰaːɡs, *sʰaːɡ
逪 *sʰaːɡ
剒 *sʰaːɡ
鵲 *sʰaɡ
碏 *sʰaɡ
踖 *sʰaɡ, *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ
趞 *sʰaɡ
皵 *sʰaɡ, *sʰjaːɡ
舄 *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ
斮 *ʔsraɡ, *ʔsraːɡ
簎 *zraːwɢ, *sʰraːɡ, *zjaːɡ
諎 *ʔsraːɡ
矠 *sʰreːɡ, *zreːɡ
庴 *ʔsjaːɡ, *zjaːɡ
籍 *zjaːɡ
耤 *zjaːɡ
猎 *zjaːɡ
昔 *sjaːɡ
惜 *sjaːɡ
腊 *sjaːɡ
焟 *sjaːɡ
棤 *sjaːɡ

Oracle bone form: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𡿧 (“disaster; floods”) + 日 (“sun”) – the flood submerging the sun; the former times.

Shuowen: Two pieces of flesh (仌) left to dry in the sun (日). Original form of 腊 (OC *sjaːɡ).

Similar but unrelated to 展, 共, and 散.

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak (“night, full 24-hour day, spend the night”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) relates this to 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ) and 夜 (OC *laːɡs); however, see those two entries for more.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 昔
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 昔 (123)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 思積切
Baxter sjek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/siᴇk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/siɛk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/siæk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/siajk̚/
Li
Rong 		/siɛk̚/
Wang
Li 		/sĭɛk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/si̯ɛk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sik1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 昔
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sjek ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]Ak/
English in the past

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 昔
Reading # 1/1
No. 13309
Phonetic
component 		昔
Rime
group 		鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		昔
Old
Chinese 		/*sjaːɡ/

Definitions

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昔

  1. ⁜ former times; the past; long ago; ancient times
  2. † yesterday
  3. † sunset; dusk
  4. † Alternative form of 腊 (“dried meat”)
  5. † Alternative form of 夕 (xī, “evening; night”)
  6. a surname

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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昔

  1. † coarse; rough
  2. † Alternative form of 錯／错 (“to criss-cross”)
  3. † Alternative form of 措 (cuò, “to use; to carry out”)

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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昔

  1. (Southern Min) Alternative form of 早

References

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  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “昔”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 250.

Japanese

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Kanji

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昔

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: しゃく (shaku, Jōyō †)
  • Kan-on: せき (seki, Jōyō)
  • Kun: むかし (mukashi, 昔, Jōyō)

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
昔
むかし
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. The muka portion derives from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of verb 向く (muku, “to face opposite to something”), implying “that which stands opposite from the present”. The shi portion is suffix し (shi) indicating direction, also found in words 縦し (tatashi, “the standing or vertical direction”), 横し (yokoshi, “the sideways or horizontal direction”). This appears to be a somewhat rare alternative form, more commonly encountered as さ (sa), and may be cognate with the nominalizing adjective ending さ (sa).[1]

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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昔(むかし) • (mukashi) 

  1. once (in the indeterminate past)
    昔(むかし)見(み)た映(えい)画(が)
    mukashi mita eiga
    a movie I once saw

Noun

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昔(むかし) • (mukashi) 

  1. the past, old times
    昔(むかし)と今(いま) ― mukashi to ima ― the past and the present
    昔(むかし)の自(じ)分(ぶん) ― mukashi no jibun ― my past self
    昔(むかし)からの友達(ともだち) ― mukashi kara no tomodachi ― a longtime friend (literally, “a friend since old times”)
    昔(むかし)に戻(もど)る ― mukashi ni modoru ― to return to the past
    • 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari, page Toshikage:
      [3]
      むかし、式部大輔、左大弁かけて清原の王ありけり。
  2. ancient
    昔(むかし)の人(ひと) ― mukashi no hito ― ancient people
    もう昔(むかし)の話(はなし)だ。 ― mō mukashi no hanashi da. ― That's ancient history.

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kōno, Tama (c. 970–999) Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 10: Utsubo Monogatari 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1959, →ISBN.

Korean

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Hanja

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昔 • (seok, chak) (hangeul 석, 착, revised seok, chak, McCune–Reischauer sŏk, ch'ak, Yale sek, chak)

  1. formerly
  2. ancient
  3. in beginning

Vietnamese

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Han character

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昔: Hán Nôm readings: tích, tếch, thách, tách

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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