Timeline of Lahore
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Lahore, Pakistan.
Prior to 11th century
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- 664/682 CE – City besieged by Muslim forces led by Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra.[1][2]
11th–15th centuries
[edit]- 1022 CE – Mahmud of Ghazni ousts Hindu rulers; Malik Ayaz in power.[1]
- 1157 – City becomes Muslim Ghaznavid capital.[3]
- 1241 – City sacked by Mongols.[4]
- 1267 – Lahore Fort rebuilt.
16th–17th centuries
[edit]- 1524 – Mughal Babur in power.[1]
- 1530 – Mir Yunis Ali becomes governor.[5]
- 1560 – Masjid Niwin (mosque) built.[6]
- 1566 - Lahore Fort built.[6]
- 1584 – Mughal Akbar relocates capital to Lahore.[1]
- 1622 – Court of Mughal Jehangir established.[3]
- 1627
- Khwabgah palace built.[6]
- Tomb of Jahangir built in Shahdara Bagh near city.
- 1632 – Shish Mahal (palace) built at Lahore Fort.[7]
- 1634 – Wazir Khan Mosque built.[6]
- 1635 – Moti Masjid (mosque) built at Lahore Fort.
- 1637
- Shalimar Gardens laid out near city.[6]
Badshahi Mosque built in 1673
- 1649 – Dai Anga Mosque built.
- 1673 – Badshahi Mosque built.[6]
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18th century
[edit]- 1739 – City captured by Persian forces under the command of Nader Shah.
- 1748 – Ahmed Shah Durrani in power.[8]
- 1753 – Sunehri Mosque built in Dubbi Bazaar area.[9]
- 1758 – Lahore Fort captured by Maratha forces under Raghunath Rao.
- 1759 – Marathas defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Lahore.[10]
- 1765 - Lehna Singh and Gujar Singh of the Sikh Bhangi Misl (Punjab), occupy Lahore.[11]
- 1779 - Timur Shah Returns to Punjab to Punish the Sikhs (1776-1780)
- 1798 – Ranjit Singh in power.[8]
- 1799 – Ranjit Singh occupies Lahore.[12][13] and shifts his capital from Gujrawala.
19th century
[edit]- 1813–1818 – Hazuri Bagh Baradari built.
- 1846 – British Council of Regency of the Punjab established.[14]
- 1849
- 3 January: British East India Company in power.[15]
- Lahore Chronicle newspaper begins publication.[16]
- 1850s – Grand Trunk Road Peshawar-Lahore extension constructed (approximate date).[17]
- 1858 November 1 – British Crown in power.[1]
- 1859 – Masonic Temple built in Anarkali.
- 1860
- Amritsar-Lahore train begins operating.[18]
- Lahore Junction railway station built.
- 1861 – Lahore Canal built (approximate date).
- 1864 – Government College and Rang Mahal School founded.
- 1868 – Population: 125,413.[14]
- 1872
- Lahore Zoo founded.[6]
- Civil and Military Gazette begins publication.
- 1875 – Mayo School of Industrial Art established.
- 1880 – Faletti's Hotel in business.
- 1881
- 1882 – Punjab University[20] and Lahore Bar Association founded.
- 1883 – Central Model School established.[18]
- 1884 – Punjab Public Library established.[21]
- 1885 – Punjab Civil Secretariat Library founded.[21]
- 1886
- Aitchison College founded.[15]
- Khalsa Akhbar Lahore Punjabi-language newspaper begins publication.
- 1887
- General Post Office, Lahore built.
- Anglican Cathedral Church of the Resurrection consecrated.[6]
- 1889
- Lahore High Court building constructed.
- Railway Technical School established.[18]
- 1890 – New town hall built.
- 1892 – Punjab Textbook Board Library established.[21]
- 1894 – Lahore Museum opens.[22][23]
- 1898 – April: Punjab Assembly passes first law.[24]
20th century
[edit]- 1901 – Population: 202,964.[6]
- 1904 - Sacred Heart Cathedral completed.
- 1908 – Dyal Singh Trust Library established.
- 1909 – Punjab Chiefs' Association headquartered in city.[25]
- 1915 – Lahore Conspiracy Case trial held.
- 1921
- Model Town suburb established.
- Mughalpura Technical College founded.
- 1924 – Punjab Archival Museum and record office established.[26]
- 1928 – Armoury Museum established in Lahore Fort.[27]
- 1935 – Punjab Assembly Chamber built.[28]
- 1940
- March: City hosts Lahore Resolution proceedings of the All-India Muslim League.
- Nawa-i-Waqt Urdu-language newspaper begins publication.[29]
- 1941
- Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan political party headquartered in city.[29]
- Population: 671,659.[30]
Independence
[edit]- 1947
- Riots.[31]
- 15 August: City becomes part of West Punjab province of Pakistan.
- 1948 - Chatan newspaper begins publication.[29]
- 1951
- 1952 – Lahore newspaper begins publication.[29]
- 1953 – 6 March: Martial Law promulgated in Lahore to control disturbances against Ahmadis.[citation needed]
- 1955 – City becomes capital of West Pakistan.[30]
- 1959 – Gaddafi Stadium built.
- 1964 – 26 November: Pakistan Television Lahore Station inaugurated.[citation needed]
- 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War.
- 1968 – Minar-e-Pakistan constructed in Iqbal Park.
- 1970
- Lahore Stock Exchange founded.
- Pakistan Monitor newspaper begins publication.[16]
- 1972 – Population: 2,165,372.[33]
- 1974 – City hosts Islamic Summit Conference. Recognized former East Pakistan as Bangladesh. [citation needed]
- 1975 – Lahore Development Authority established.
- 1976 – Samjhota Express Amritsar-Lahore train begins operating.[citation needed]
- 1977 – Allama Iqbal Museum inaugurated.[27][34]
- 1981
- Minhaj-ul-Quran International (Islamic organization) founded.[35]
- Population: 2,952,689.[36]
- Lahore Zoo Safari established.
- 1983 – Ajoka (theatre group) formed.[37]
- 1984 – Lahore University of Management Sciences and Lahore Conservation Society[38] established.
- 1985 – Punjab Lok Rehas (theatre group) formed.[37]
- 1986 – The Nation newspaper begins publication.[29]
- 1989 – The Friday Times begins publication.
- 1990
- Lahore Drama School[37] and Institute of Leadership and Management founded.
- Daily Pakistan newspaper begins publication.[29]
- February: 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup held.
- 1991 – Pearl Mosque built.[9]
- 1992 – Alhamra Arts Council building constructed.
- 1993 – Zahoor ul Akhlaq Gallery established at the National College of Arts Lahore.[39]
- 1996 – Lahore Post begins publication.
- 1997 – Lahore-Islamabad Motorway completed.
- 1998 – Population: 5,143,495.[40]
- 1999
- 21 February: City hosts signing of the India-Pakistan Lahore Declaration regarding nuclear armaments.
- University of Lahore established.
21st century
[edit]- 2001 – Lahore City District divided into nine towns: Aziz Bhatti Town, Data Gunj Bakhsh Town, Gulberg Town, Iqbal Town, Lahore Cantonment, Ravi Town, Samanabad Town, Shalimar Town, Wagah Town.
- 2002 – Daily Times begins publication.
- 2003
- Allama Iqbal International Airport inaugurated.
- 11 July: Delhi-Lahore bus service resumes after suspension of 18 months.[citation needed]
- 2006 – Pakistan Fashion Design Council headquartered in city.[41]
- 2007
- March: Lawyers' Movement begins.[42]
- DHA Cinema opens.[43]
- Expo Centre Lahore built in Johar Town.
- 2009 – Software Technology Park and Alamgir Tower Lahore built.
- 2010
- February: PFDC Sunsilk Fashion Week begins.[41]
- 28 May: Attacks on Ahmadi mosques.
- 1 July: Bombings at Data Durbar Shrine.
- 1 September: Bombings.
- Vogue Towers opens.
- Air pollution in Lahore reaches annual mean of 68 PM2.5 and 198 PM10, much higher than recommended.[44]
- 2011 – The Lahore Times begins publication.
- 2012 – 11 September: Garment factory fire.
- 2013
- February: Metrobus (Lahore) begins operating.[45]
- February: Lahore Literary Festival inaugurated.[46]
- March: Anti-Christian riot.[47]
- 6 July: Bombing in Old Anarkali district.
- 2014 - Grand Jamia Mosque inaugurated.
- 2017 - Population: 11,126,285.[48]
- 2018 - Pakistan's Supreme Court quashed the conviction (under Blasphemy Law) and ordered the release of 47-year-old Aasia Bibi, a Christian woman from a village in Punjab province who had been on death row for eight years.[49]
- 2019
- 11 December: Attack on Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore.
- 2020
- 11 December: The statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (placed in Lahore Fort) was vandalized by an extremist who broke the left arm of statue. The man was immediately caught by a security guard and was later on arrested by Lahore Police.[50]
- 13 December: Pakistan Democratic Movement (a collation of 11 opposition parties) organized a power show at Minar-e-Pakistan (Greater Iqbal Park, Lahore) against the ruling government of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.[51]
See also
[edit]- History of Lahore
- List of educational institutions in Lahore
- History of the Punjab
- Timelines of other cities in Pakistan: Karachi, Peshawar
- Urbanisation in Pakistan
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Schellinger and Salkin, ed. (1996). "Lahore". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. UK: Routledge. p. 522+. ISBN 9781884964046.
- ^ Wink 2002, p. 121.
- ^ a b "Lahore Profile: History". City Government Lahore. City District Government Lahore. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ Cyril Glasse (2008), New Encyclopedia of Islam (3rd ed.), Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0742562967
- ^ Michael Brand (c. 2002). "Lahore Chronology". Gardens of the Mughal Empire. Washington DC: Smithsonian Productions. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–82.
- ^ World Heritage Centre. "Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ a b J. Thomas; T. Baldwin, eds. (1868), "Lahore", Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co.
- ^ a b ArchNet.org. "Lahore". Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ "Marathas and the English Company 1707–1818 by Sanderson Beck". san.beck.org. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
- ^ Gupta H.R. (1982). History of the Sikhs, vol. IV. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 225.
- ^ Gupta H.R. (1982). History of the Sikhs, vol. V. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 29.
- ^ Bhagat Singh (1990). Maharaja Ranjit Singh and His Times. Sehgal Publishers Service. p. 436. ISBN 81-85477-01-9.
- ^ a b "Lahore", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901
- ^ a b John F. Riddick (2006), History of British India, Praeger Publishers, ISBN 9780313322808
- ^ a b c "Lahore (Pakistan) Newspapers". WorldCat. USA: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ Company, East India; Mill, John Stuart (1858), Memorandum of the Improvements in the Administration of India During the Last Thirty Years: And the Petition of the East-India Company to Parliament
{{citation}}:|last1=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c Syad Muhammad Latif (1892). Lahore: its history, architectural remains and antiquities, with an account of its modern institutions, inhabitants, their trade, customs, &c. Lahore: Printed at the New Imperial Press.
- ^ Edward Balfour (1885), "Lahore", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
- ^ Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, OL 6112221M
- ^ a b c "Pakistan". World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services (3rd ed.). Chicago: American Library Association. 1993. ISBN 0838906095.
- ^ a b "Information and Culture: Institutions". Punjab Portal. Government of the Punjab. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ Percy Brown (1908), Lahore Museum, Punjab: A Descriptive Guide to the Department of Archaeology & Antiquities, Lahore: Printed at the Civil and Military Gazette Press, OCLC 44611240, OL 23293985M
- ^ "About Assembly". Lahore: Provincial Assembly of The Punjab. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ Partap Singh (1911), The Punjab Chiefs' Association, Lahore: Tribune Press, OL 7066214M
- ^ "Services and General Administration Department: Frequently Asked Questions". Punjab Portal. Government of the Punjab. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Museums and Galleries in Pakistan". Islamabad: National Fund for Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ "Building of the Assembly". Lahore: Provincial Assembly of The Punjab. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f "Pakistan". Far East and Australasia 2003. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2002. p. 1160+. ISBN 9781857431339.
- ^ a b Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Mass., USA: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, OCLC 3832886, OL 5812502M
- ^ Ian Talbot (2007), "A Tale of Two Cities: The Aftermath of Partition for Lahore and Amritsar 1947–1957", Modern Asian Studies, 41 (1): 151–185, doi:10.1017/s0026749x05002337, JSTOR 4132347, S2CID 143274396
- ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Raza Noor. "Lahore Sites of Interest". Lahore. Edmonton, Canada. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ John L. Esposito (2011), What everyone needs to know about Islam (2nd ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199794133
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c Don Rubin; et al., eds. (2001), "Pakistan", World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific, Routledge, ISBN 9780415260879
- ^ "With Lahore in his Veins". Dawn. 6 December 2003.
- ^ "Gallery". National College of Arts Lahore. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ "Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ a b "About the Pakistan Fashion Design Council". Lahore: Pakistan Fashion Design Council. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ James Traub (1 June 2008). "Lawyer's Crusade". New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ "Movie Theaters in Lahore, Pakistan". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva, archived from the original on 28 March 2014
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Lahore's rapid transit system". Business Recorder. Karachi. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ Declan Walsh (6 March 2013). "Pakistan, Under Cultural Siege, Is Buoyed by Book Festivals". New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ "Pakistan arrests scores over Lahore anti-Christian riot". BBC News. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations
- ^ Pakistan - Events in 2018, Human Rights Watch, 20 December 2018
- ^ "Statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore vandalised by a man because Singh had converted a mosque into a horse stable". 12 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
- ^ "PDM supporters attend the public meeting at Minar-i-Pakistan on 13th December (Sunday)". 14 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
Bibliography
[edit]Published in 19th century
[edit]- David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Lahore". Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
- C. Masson (September–November 1840), "Memorandum on Lahore, the Sikhs, their Kingdom and its Dependencies", Proceedings of the Bombay Geographical Society
- Charles Masson (1842), "Lahore", Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Panjab, London: Richard Bentley
- J.H. Stocqueler (1854), "Lahore", Hand-book of British India (3rd ed.), London: Allen and Co.
- "Lahore". Street's Indian and Colonial Mercantile Directory for 1870. London: Street. 1870.
- Thornton, Thomas Henry. A Brief Account of the History and Antiquities of Lahore. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press, 1873.
- Thomas Henry Thornton; John Lockwood Kipling (1876). Lahore. Lahore: Printed at the Government Civil Secretariat Press.
- Kanhaiya Lal. (1884) Tarikh-e-Lahore. Lahore, Pakistan: Aslam Asmat Printers.
- Edward Thornton (1886), "Lahore", in Roper Lethbridge and Arthur N. Wollaston (ed.), Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the Viceroy of India, London: W. H. Allen & Co., OCLC 710600
- Latif, Syad Muhammad (1892). Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities. Lahore: New Imperial Press. OCLC 28302540.
- Edwin Lord Weeks (1894), "Lahore and the Punjab", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. 89, pp. 650–672, hdl:2027/njp.32101064076175
- Joachim Hayward Stocqueler (1900), "Lahore", The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East India Knowledge, London: Cox
Published in 20th century
[edit]- 1900s–1940s
- "Lahore", A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon (8th ed.), London: J. Murray, 1911
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 81–82.
- H.A. Newell (c. 1921). Lahore (Capital of the Punjab): A guide to places of interest, with history and map (2nd ed.). Bombay.
- Lahore and some of its Historical Monuments. Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing Press, 1927.
- Gulshan Lal Chopra. A Short History of Lahore and its Monuments. Lahore: 1937.
- "Lahawr". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 5. Leiden: E.J. Brill. c. 1938. OCLC 39715711.
- 1950s–1990s
- Muhammad Baqir (1952). Lahore, past and present; being an account of Lahore compiled from original sources. Lahore: Panjab University Press. OCLC 8816775.
- Lahore Development Authority. Lahore Urban Development and Traffic Study. 5 vols. Lahore, 1980.
- Lahore Development Authority. The Walled City of Lahore. Lahore, 1981.
- Samuel V. Noe. “Old Lahore and Old Delhi: Variations on a Mughal Theme.” Ekistics XLIX (1982), pp. 306–19.
- Mohammed A. Qadeer. Lahore, Urban Development in the Third World. Lahore: Vanguard Books, 1983.
- Ahmad Nabi Khan. “Lahore: the Darus Saltanat of the Moghul Empire under Akbar (1556–1605).” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan XXI, no.3 (1984), pp. 1–22.
- Muhammad Saeed (1989). Lahore, A Memoir. Lahore: Vanguard. ISBN 9694020085.
- F.S. Aijazuddin. Lahore: Illustrated Views of the 19th Century. Lahore: Vanguard Books, Ltd., 1991.
- Ajaz Anwar (1996). Old Lahore (3rd ed.). Lahore.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ajaz Anwar (1997), "Lahore and Delhi: Two Sides of a Mirror", India International Centre Quarterly, 24 (2/3): 274–283, JSTOR 23005453
- Som Anand (1998). Lahore, portrait of a lost city. Lahore: Vanguard Books.
- Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry. A Short History of Lahore and Some of Its Monuments. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2000.
Published in 21st century
[edit]- Journal of Asian Civilizations XXIV, no. 2 (2001). Special issue on Lahore in the Ghaznavid period.
- F.S. Aijazuddin. Lahore Recollected: An Album. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publishers, 2003.
- Y. Lari. Lahore – Illustrated City Guide. Karachi, Pakistan: Heritage Foundation Pakistan 2003.
- Mohammad Rafiq Khan (2006), "Banning Two-stroke Auto-rickshaws in Lahore: Policy Implications", Pakistan Development Review, 45 (4), Pakistan Institute of Development Economics: 1169–1185, doi:10.30541/v45i4IIpp.1169-1185, JSTOR 41260675
- P. Jackson; P.A. Andrews (2007). "Lahore (Lahawr)". In C.E. Bosworth (ed.). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 299+. ISBN 9789004153882.
- Ian Talbot. Divided Cities: Partition and Its aftermath in Lahore and Amritsar, 1947–1957. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2006.
- William J. Glover (2007), Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City, USA: Univ of Minnesota Press, ISBN 9780816650217
- Abdul Rehman (2009), "Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times", Garden History, 37 (2): 205–217, JSTOR 27821596
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Lahore.
- "Pakistan: Lahore". Islamic Cultural Heritage Database. Istanbul: Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture.
- "Lahore 100 Years ago". Islamabad: National Fund for Cultural Heritage. (photographs)
- Europeana. Items related to Lahore
- British Library. Items related to Lahore
- Sarfraz Ahmad (9 March 2012). "Lahore History". Audacity of a Pakistani (blog).