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Religion in Mexico

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Religion in Mexico (2020 census)[1]

  Catholicism (77.8%)
  Protestantism (11.7%)
  Other Christian (1.8%)
  Other religions (0.3%)
  Non-religious (8.4%)
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The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of St. John of the Lakes in Jalisco is one of the most visited pilgrimage shrines in Mexico.[2]

Christianity is the predominant religion in Mexico, with Catholicism being its largest denomination representing around 78%[1] of the total population as of 2020. In recent decades the share of Catholics has been declining, due to the growth of other Christian denominations – especially various Protestant churches, Jehovah's Witness and Mormonism – which now constitute larger shares of the population. Conversion to non-Catholic denominations has been considerably lower than in Central America, and central Mexico remains one of the most Catholic areas in the world.

Mexico is a secular country and has allowed freedom of religion since the mid-19th century. Mainline Protestant denominations and the open practice of Judaism established themselves in the country during that era. Modern growth has been seen in Evangelical Protestantism, Mormonism and in folk religions, such as Mexicayotl.[3][4] Buddhism and Islam have both made limited inroads through immigration and conversion.

Religion and the state

The Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral.

The Mexican Constitution of 1917 imposed limitations on the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico and sometimes codified state intrusion into religious matters. The government does not provide financial contributions to the religious institutions, nor does the Roman Catholic Church participate in public education. Christmas is a national holiday and every year during Easter and Christmas all schools in Mexico, public and private, send their students on vacation.

In a major reversal of the Mexican state's restrictions on religion, the constitution was amended in 1992 lifting almost all restrictions on the religions, including granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them limited property, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country.[5] Until recently, priests did not have the right to vote, and even now they cannot be elected to public office.

  • Sources: Based on Pew Center Research (including historical percentages of Catholicism)[6] and the National Institution of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) both historical Census and specially 2010[7] and 2020 Census,[8] according to WorldDataValue and Latinobarómetro, Catholicism grew since 1995 or end-90s, in fact almost 30% of Mexicans are involved in religious denomination changes one, twice or more times, near 70% has been always Catholic affiliated (compared to 82% in 1960) and near 3% has been from other religion or none.

Abrahamic religions

Christianity

Boat approaching the Sanctuary of the Broken Christ, Aguascalientes

Historically the Catholic Church in Mexico is the oldest established church, established in the early sixteenth century. At independence, the Catholic Church kept its status as the only permissible church in Mexico. In the mid-nineteenth century, Mexican liberals curtailed the exclusive standing of the church, and Protestant missionaries, mainly from the United States, legally evangelized in Mexico. Other Christian denominations have grown in Mexico, dating from the twentieth century. With the growth of immigration from the Middle East, Eastern Catholic churches were established.[citation needed] Evangelical Protestant churches have expanded their reach significantly from the late twentieth century.

Catholicism

Further information: Catholicism in Mexico
The Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe is one of the most important pilgrimage sites of Christianity.
The Catedral de San Ildefonso in Mérida, Yucatán is the oldest cathedral on the mainland Americas.

Catholics are 77.8%[1] of the total population,[9] down from 82.7%[10] in 2000 and 96% in 1970.[11] The number of Mexican Catholics has fallen by 5% in the first decade of the 21st century and in the south-east Catholics make up less than two-thirds of the population.[11] In absolute terms, Mexico has 90,224,559 Catholics,[1] which is the world's second largest number of Catholics, surpassed only by Brazil.[12]

More than half of Mexicans Catholics are actually, nominal, some combine or syncretize Catholic practices with native traditions. In the Yucatán Peninsula, some Mayan people still practice the traditional beliefs of their ancestors, without being syncretized with Christianity. The same happens with the Wixarika people of Jalisco and Nayarit. Urban Catholics are secularizated, on religious practice and beliefs, the middle and high urban class population are spiritually aphatic, except for some beliefs like zodiac signs, and generally the believing of Virgin Mary (see Lady of Guadalupe) is more rooted than the abrahamic God. In recent decades, there is a notably boom of New Age attraction into million of Roman Catholics.

There are major festivities in Mexico celebrating the Christian holidays of Epiphany (6 January) (Día de los Reyes Magos), All Saints' day (1 November), All Souls' day or Day of the Dead (2 November)(Día de los fieles difuntos), and the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe (12 December). These are not public holidays in Mexico. Christmas is celebrated as a religious and public holiday.

Eastern Catholicism in Mexico

There are also Eastern Catholic Churches that exist alongside the Roman/Latin Catholic Church in Mexico, all of which are in communion with the bishop of Rome or the pope. The Vatican II document, "Orientalium Ecclesiarum" (Of Eastern Churches), proclaimed that "Eastern Catholic communities are true Churches and not just rites within the Catholic Church."[13] Carlos Slim, for example, is a Maronite Catholic and a member of the Maronite Church.

Protestantism

Further information: Protestantism in Mexico

About 11% of the population (6,160,000 people over the age of 5, according to the 2000 census, including Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons who are usually considered to be non-Protestant and part of Restorationism or individual Christian branches) are Protestant,[10] of whom Pentecostals and Charismatics (called Neo-Pentecostals in the census), are the largest group. The Anglican Communion is represented by the Anglican Church of Mexico.

Protestantism is strongest where the Catholic Church and the Mexican state have little presence,[11] and accounts for over 10% of the population in the four states that border heavily-Protestant Guatemala: Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, and Tabasco. It is also sizable in the Mexican states that border the U.S. State of Texas. Protestantism had been on the rise as it offers a less legalistic and hierarchical version of Christianity.[15] But in some recent surveys like Latinobarometro, Protestantism in the whole country has dropped from nearly 10% to less than 5%, in counterpart, between 2010 and 2020, the Census recorder an increase from 8% to 11%, ARDA estimated 10.7% in 2015.

Eastern Orthodoxy

A service at the Catedral Ortodoxa de San Jorge in Colonia Roma, Mexico City. Part of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, it is under the auspices of Archbishop Antonio Chedraoui (es).

There are some Mexicans practicing Eastern Orthodoxy in Mexico, mainly foreign-born people.[citation needed] The Orthodox Church in America has a diocese in Mexico established through mass conversions, as well as through immigration and missionary activity.[16] The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch also has a presence in Mexico, through its Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Mexico, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean.[17]

Seventh-day Adventist

There are also a number of Seventh-day Adventists (488,946 people).[10]

Jehovah's Witnesses

The 2000 national census counted more than one million Jehovah's Witnesses.[10] According to the Jehovah's Witnesses official figures for 2014 there were over 800,000 members involved in preaching.[18]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

LDS Temple in Mexico City
LDS Mexico City Mexico Temple
Main article: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mexico

The first LDS missionaries in Mexico arrived in 1875 (although the original Mormons came to Mexico in the 1840s in Utah, when it was a Mexican territory). In 1885, 400 Mormon colonists moved to Mexico. In 1993 the Mexican government formally registered the LDS Church. This allowed the church to own property in Mexico.

The 2010 Census reported 314,932 Mormons.[19] As of 2015, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) claims 1,368,475 members, 231 stakes, 1,998 congregations, and 12 temples in Mexico.[20]

La Luz del Mundo

La Luz del Mundo is a Charismatic Christian denomination with international headquarters in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Its flagship church in Guadalajara is said to be the largest non-Catholic house of worship in Latin America[citation needed].

Islam

Main article: Islam in Mexico
Mezquita Soraya, the first mosque in Mexico

The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 111,000 Muslims in Mexico in 2010.[21] Islam is mainly practiced by Lebanese Mexicans and other Arab Mexicans, with only a few non-Arab Mexicans.[22] There is also a growing population of Muslims among indigenous populations in Chiapas.[23][24]

Judaism

Main article: Judaism in Mexico
The interior of the Sinagoga Histórica Justo Sierra 71 located in the Historic Center of Mexico City.

The presence of Jews in Mexico dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several Conversos.[citation needed] According to the last national census by the INEGI, there are now more than 67,000 Mexican Jews, roughly 95% of whom live in the Greater Mexico City area.[10]

Bahá'í Faith

Main article: Bahá'í Faith in Mexico

The Bahá'í Faith in Mexico began with visits of Bahá'ís before 1916.[25] In 1919 letters from the head of the religion, `Abdu'l-Bahá, were published mentioning Mexico as one of the places Bahá'ís should take the religion to.[26] Following further pioneers moving there and making contacts the first Mexican to join the religion was in 1937, followed quickly by the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of all Latin America being elected in 1938.[25][27]

With continued growth the National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1961.[27][28] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated almost 38,000 Bahá'ís in 2005.[29]

Indian Religions

Buddhism

Main article: Buddhism in Mexico
A Tibetan Buddhist ritual in Valle de Bravo

Approximately 108,701 Buddhists are counted in Mexico.[citation needed] Also one of six Tibet Houses in the world – Casa Tibet México – is located in Mexico City. It is used by the Dalai Lama and other leaders of Tibetan Buddhism to preserve and share Tibetan culture and spirituality. Alejandro Jodorowsky has stated that he discovered Zen Buddhism in the 1960s while in Mexico.[30][31]

There are also two institutions from Theravada Buddhism tradition, the Theravada Buddhist Monastery and the Vipassana House of Meditation. There are at least 30 Buddhist groups in Mexico.[2]

Hinduism

Main article: Hinduism in Mexico
Hare Krishna musicians in Mexico City

There are about 800 Indian families in Mexico, constituting about 900 NRIs. Most of them are recent arrivals in the country. There is a big presence of recently arrived Indians working for Tata Consultancy Services in Guadalajara, Querétaro and Mexico City. Mexico has a non-discriminatory policy with regard to the grant of its citizenship. The spouse of a Mexican national would generally not face any problem in acquiring local citizenship. But although quite a few NRIs have married Mexicans, they have retained their Indian citizenship (India doesn't allow dual citizenship). A Sai Baba temple and a Vaishnav temple have been constructed in Mexico City by the Sangam Organisation.

Sikhism

Main article: Sikhism by country

There are around 8,000 Sikhs in Mexico. Most of them are of Punjabi origin.

Nonreligious

Main article: Irreligion in Mexico

It's important to specify that irreligion and atheism in Mexico is complex to measure because many Catholics and part of Protestants leads a secular life patterns, and some religious studies with a particular purpose can reports differents percent of unaffiliated people, the National Census in 2010 reported 4.7% having no religion,[32] as well as, World Population Review estimated 38% of non-religious.[33] Although, according to INEGI, the number of atheists grows annually by 5.2%, while the number of Catholics grows by 1.7%.[34][35]

Majority of population is Theistic but religious particing is very much lower as the expected on a very christian-religious continent, recent surveys have shown that around 3% of Catholics attend church daily and 44% attend church at least once a week.[36]

Census information

Religion according to the Census (2010)[19]
Religion Numbers Percent
Catholic 92,924,489 82.72
Anabaptist/Mennonites[table 1] 10,753 0.01
Baptist[table 1] 252,874 0.23
Church of the Nazarene[table 1] 40,225 0.04
Methodist[table 1] 25,370 0.02
Presbyterian[table 1] 437,690 0.39
Other historic Protestant[table 1] 53.832 0.05
Pentecostal[table 2] 1,782,021 1.59
Other Christian Evangelical[table 2] 5,783,442 5.15
Seventh day Adventist[table 3] 661,878 0.59
Mormons[table 3] 314,932 0.28
Jehovah's Witnesses[table 3] 1,561,086 1.39
Eastern religions 18,185 0.02
Judaism 67,476 0.06
Islam 3,760 < 0.01
Native religions 27,839 0.02
Spiritualism 35,995 0.03
Other religions 19,636 0.02
No religion 5,262,546 4.68
Not specified 3,052,509 2.72
Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f The 2010 census groups Anabaptists, Baptists, Church of the Nazarene, Methodist, Presbyterian as historic Protestant (Protestante histórica o reformada) with a total number of 820,744 (0.73%).
  2. ^ a b The 2010 census groups Pentecostal with Other Christian Evangelical (Pentecostal/Cristiana/Evangélica) for a total number of 7,565,463 (6.73%).
  3. ^ a b c The 2010 census groups Seventh day Adventists, Mormons, and Jehovah's Witnesses together (Bíblica diferente de Evangélica) with a total of 2,537,896 (2.26%).
It is said that there were 365 churches at one point in Cholula.[37][38] One for every day of the year. Many still exists are some of them are the most spectacular in all of Mexico.
Population in terms of religion by state (2000)
State Catholic Protestant and Evangelical Other Christian Jewish Other None Not specified
Aguascalientes 95.6% 1.9% 0.7% <0.1% 0.1% 0.8% 0.7%
Baja California 81.4% 7.9% 2.7% <0.1% 0.2% 6.2% 1.6%
Baja California Sur 89.0% 4.0% 1.9% <0.1% 0.2% 3.6% 0.1%
Campeche 71.3% 13.2% 4.7% <0.1% 1.7% 9.9% 0.8%
Chiapas 63.8% 13.9% 9.0% <0.1% <0.1% 13.1% 1.2%
Chihuahua 84.6% 7.1% 2.0% <0.1% 0.1% 5.1% 1.1%
Coahuila 86.4% 6.8% 1.8% <0.1% 0.1% 3.8% 1.1%
Colima 93.0% 2.9% 1.4% <0.1% 0.1% 1.8% 0.8%
Durango 90.4% 3.9% 1.8% <0.1% <0.1% 2.9% 0.9%
Mexico City 90.5% 3.6% 1.3% 0.2% 0.8% 2.9% 0.7%
Guanajuato 96.4% 1.3% 0.7% <0.1% 0.1% 0.7% 0.7%
Guerrero 89.2% 4.4% 2.0% <0.1% 0.4% 3.1% 0.9%
Hidalgo 90.1% 5.2% 1.3% <0.1% 0.4% 1.6% 0.7%
Jalisco 95.4% 2.0% 0.9% <0.1% <0.1% 0.9% 0.7%
Mexico 91.2% 3.8% 1.6% 0.1% 0.7% 1.8% 0.8%
Michoacán 94.8% 1.9% 1.1% <0.1% 0.2% 1.3% 0.8%
Morelos 83.6% 7.3% 3.1% 0.1% 0.5% 4.3% 1.0%
Nayarit 91.8% 3.0% 1.3% <0.1% 0.2% 2.9% 0.7%
Nuevo León 87.9% 6.2% 2.0% <0.1% 0.1% 2.8% 0.9%
Oaxaca 84.8% 7.8% 2.3% <0.1% 0.2% 4.0% 0.9%
Puebla 91.6% 4.3% 1.4% <0.1% 0.4% 1.4% 0.8%
Querétaro 95.3% 1.9% 0.9% <0.1% 0.2% 0.9% 0.8%
Quintana Roo 73.2% 11.2% 4.6% <0.1% 0.2% 9.6% 1.1%
San Luis Potosí 92.0% 4.6% 1.0% <0.1% 0.2% 1.5% 0.7%
Sinaloa 86.8% 2.9% 2.0% <0.1% <0.1% 7.1% 1.0%
Sonora 87.9% 4.8% 1.8% <0.1% <0.1% 4.4% 1.1%
Tabasco 70.4% 13.6% 5.0% <0.1% <0.1% 10.0% 0.8%
Tamaulipas 82.9% 8.7% 2.4% <0.1% 0.2% 4.9% 1.0%
Tlaxcala 93.4% 2.9% 1.4% <0.1% 0.4% 1.0% 0.9%
Veracruz 82.9% 6.9% 3.3% <0.1% 0.2% 5.9% 0.8%
Yucatán 84.3% 8.4% 3.0% <0.1% 0.1% 3.5% 0.8%
Zacatecas 95.1% 1.9% 1.0% <0.1% <0.1% 1.1% 0.8%
Mexico total 87.99% 5.20% 2.07% 0.05% 0.31% 3.52% 0.86%

Freedom of religion

The Constitution of Mexico and other laws establish and protect the freedom of religion in Mexico;[39] religious instruction is prohibited in public schools, but religious groups are allowed to maintain private schools.

Religious groups may not own or administer broadcast radio or television stations and government permission is required for commercial broadcast radio or television to transmit religious programming.[39]

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.[40]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 – Cuestionario básico". INEGI. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  2. ^ Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 ISBN 1-57607-004-2 page 571
  3. ^ Yolotl González Torres. The Revival of Mexican Religions: The Impact of Nativism. Numen. Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan. 1996), pp. 1–31
  4. ^ Zotero Citlalcoatl. AMOXTLI YAOXOCHIMEH.
  5. ^ "Mexico". International Religious Report. U.S. Department of State. 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  6. ^ "Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 4, 2015.
  7. ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 – Cuestionario básico". INEGI. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
  8. ^ 2020 Mexican Census (INEGI)
  9. ^ "Church attendance". World Values Survey. 1997.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Religion" (PDF). Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2000. INEGI. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  11. ^ a b c “Religion in Mexico: Where angels fear to tread: Evangelicals are swooping on long-ignored regions”, The Economist, dated 24 March 2012.
  12. ^ "The Largest Catholic Communities". Adherents.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2000. Retrieved 10 November 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ Richard Mc Brien, The Church: The Evolution of Catholicism (New York: Harper One, 2008) 281, 450.
  14. ^ a b "RITOS" [Rites]. Misas.org (in Spanish). Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  15. ^ "Religion in Mexico: Staying alive, Mexicans are increasingly turning away from the Catholic church". The Economist. Mexico City. 25 July 2002. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  16. ^ Orthodox History website, Cinco de Mayo and the lost Orthodox Missions of Mexico, article by Nicholas Chapman dated May 4, 2018
  17. ^ Iglesia Ortodoxa Antioquena
  18. ^ 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 182.
  19. ^ a b Panorama de las religiones en México 2010 (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  20. ^ LDS Newsroom (Statistical Information)[1], see also the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics#North America
  21. ^ "Table: Muslim Population by Country". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  22. ^ "Mexican Catholics find God in Islam". Public Radio International. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  23. ^ "Indígenas musulmanes abren plática sobre el Islam en San Cristóbal". quadratin.com. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  24. ^ Fitra Ismu Kusumo. Islam en el Mexico Contemporaneo. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  25. ^ a b Lamb, Artemus (November 1995). The Beginnings of the Bahá'í Faith in Latin America:Some Remembrances, English Revised and Amplified Edition. West Linn, OR: M L VanOrman Enterprises.
  26. ^ Abbas, `Abdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Mirza Ahmad Sohrab, trans. and comments.
  27. ^ a b "Comunidad Bahá'í de México". National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Mexico. 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  28. ^ Hassall, Graham; Universal House of Justice. "National Spiritual Assemblies statistics 1923–1999". Assorted Resource Tools. Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
  29. ^ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  30. ^ Jodorowsky, Alejandro. The Spiritual Journey of Alejandro Jodorowsky The Creator of El Topo, Rochester, Vermont: (Park Street Press, 2005)
  31. ^ Thlate 1960s.City Paper – Jodorowsky
  32. ^ "Religión". INEGI.org (in Spanish). 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  33. ^ "Most Atheist Countries 2022". World Population Review. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
  34. ^ Aciprensa
  35. ^ Catholic News Agency
  36. ^ Roderic Ai Camp, Roderic A Camp, Crossing Swords: Politics and Religion in Mexico, Oxford University Press 1997.
  37. ^ Earl Johnston, Jerry (2012-04-27). "Cholula: Mexico's 'city of churches' is culturally alive, spiritually awake". deseret.com. Deseret News. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  38. ^ Esparza, Daniel (2018-05-03). "Meet the city of 365 churches". aleteia.org. Aleteia. Retrieved 2024-07-03.
  39. ^ a b International Religious Freedom Report 2022: Mexico (Report). U.S. Department of State. December 30, 2022.
  40. ^ Freedom House website, Mexico, retrieved 2024-01-04

Further reading

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