Reciprocal determinism
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Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by psychologist Albert Bandura which states that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Bandura accepts the possibility that an individual's behavior may be conditioned through the use of consequences. At the same time he asserts that a person's behavior (and personal factors, such as cognitive skills or attitudes) can impact the environment.[1][page needed]
Bandura was able to show this when he created the Bandura's Box experiment. As an example, Bandura's reciprocal determinism could occur when a child is acting out in school. The child doesn't like going to school; therefore, they act out in class. This results in teachers and administrators of the school disliking having the child around. When confronted by the situation, the child admits they hate school and other peers don't like them. This results in the child acting inappropriately, forcing the administrators who dislike having them around to create a more restrictive environment for children of this stature. Each behavioral and environmental factor coincides with the child and so forth resulting in a continuous battle on all three levels.[citation needed]
Reciprocal determinism is the idea that behavior is controlled or determined by the individual, through cognitive processes, and by the environment, through external social stimulus events. The basis of reciprocal determinism should transform individual behavior by allowing subjective thought processes transparency when contrasted with cognitive, environmental, and external social stimulus events.[citation needed]
Actions do not go one way or the other, as it is affected by repercussions, meaning one's behavior is complicated and can't be thought of as individual and environmental means. Behavior consist of environmental and individual parts that interlink together to function.[2] Many studies showed reciprocal associations between people and their environments over time.[3][4]
Research
[edit]Research conducted in this field include the study of doctor-patient relationships where one group of patients are termed 'physician-reliant' and the other group 'self-reliant'. The physician-reliant patients tend to be more passive in their decision making and rely on their physicians to make their choices for them. Self-reliant patients take a more active role in deciding which health options would better suit them.[2]
Mathematics
[edit]Another relevant research is regarding the reciprocal determinism of self-efficacy and mathematical performance. It shows that reciprocal determinism may not be the appropriate model in all cultures but does take place in most. Self-efficacy is a conceptualized assessment of the person's competence to perform a specific task. Self-efficacy results from success or failures that arise in attempts to learn a task. Self-efficacy, measure by a personal confidence level before each question, and the mathematical scores were obtained in 41 countries for the study by Kitty and Trevor Williams. The reciprocal determinism of mathematics self-efficacy and achievement was found in 26 of the 30 nations. They suggest that this might be a fundamental psychological process that takes place across national boundaries.[5] According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is defined as a person's belief in their capability to accomplish a certain task. Another study looked at the relationship of self-efficacy and job culture with job satisfaction among athletic trainers. The study used Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation model as a template to label job satisfaction as the behavioural factor, self-efficacy as the personal factor, and job culture as the environmental factor.[6]
Triadic reciprocal causation
[edit]Triadic reciprocal causation is a term introduced by Albert Bandura[7] to refer to the mutual influence between three sets of factors:
- personal factors (e.g., cognitive, affective and biological events),
- the environment,
- behavior
Interaction of genes and environment
[edit]Behavioral genetics is a relatively new field of study attempting to make sense of both genetic and environmental contributions to individual variations in human behavior. Genes can be turned on and off. Multiple genes are factors in forming behavior traits.[citation needed]
Aggression in abused boys
[edit]Researchers believe there is a genetic link to impulsive aggression through the impact of a gene on the production of an enzyme called Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA).[8] The MAOA gene reduces the production of MAOA, leading to increased incidents of impulsive aggression. A 26-year study in New Zealand found strong correlation between experience of childhood abuse and criminal or violent behavior in males with the MAOA gene.[9] In that study, impulsive aggression was found to be nine times more likely to manifest in males with the gene who were abused than in abused males without the gene or males with the gene who had not been abused.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Bandura, Albert (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-815614-5.
- ^ a b Akoul, Gregory M (29 October 2010). "Perpetuating Passivity: Reliance and Reciprocal Determinism in Physician-Patient Interaction". Journal of Health Communication. 3 (3): 233–259. doi:10.1080/108107398127355. PMID 10977257.
- ^ Jeronimus, Bertus F.; Riese, Harriëtte; Sanderman, Robbert; Ormel, Johan (2014). "Mutual reinforcement between neuroticism and life experiences: A five-wave, 16-year study to test reciprocal causation". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 107 (4): 751–764. doi:10.1037/a0037009. PMID 25111305.
- ^ Laceulle, O. M.; Jeronimus, B. F.; van Aken, M. A. G.; Ormel, J. (March 2015). "Why Not Everyone Gets Their Fair Share of Stress: Adolescent's Perceived Relationship Affection Mediates Associations Between Temperament and Subsequent Stressful Social Events". European Journal of Personality. 29 (2): 125–137. doi:10.1002/per.1989. S2CID 143383270.
- ^ Williams, Trevor; Williams, Kitty (May 2010). "Self-efficacy and performance in mathematics: Reciprocal determinism in 33 nations". Journal of Educational Psychology. 102 (2): 453–466. doi:10.1037/a0017271.
- ^ Gamber, Jamie (15 August 2005). The Relationship of Self Efficacy and Job Culture to Job Satisfaction Among Certified Athletic Trainers (Thesis). hdl:10415/730. ProQuest 305027215.
- ^ Psychology: An International Perspective by Michael W. Eysenck, p. 473.
- ^ Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Buckholtz, Joshua W.; Kolachana, Bhaskar; R. Hariri, Ahmad; Pezawas, Lukas; Blasi, Giuseppe; Wabnitz, Ashley; Honea, Robyn; Verchinski, Beth; Callicott, Joseph H.; Egan, Michael; Mattay, Venkata; Weinberger, Daniel R. (18 April 2006). "Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (16): 6269–6274. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511311103. PMC 1458867. PMID 16569698.
- ^ Cosgrove-Mather, Bootie (1 August 2002). "Study: Abuse And Genetics = Aggression". CBS News. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
Further reading
[edit]- Siegel, Larry J.; Welsh, Brandon C. (2014). Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-97470-5.
- Harris, Judith Rich (1999). The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-85707-7.