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Patty Hearst

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the 1988 film, see Patty Hearst (film).

Patricia Hearst
Hearst in 1994
Born
Patricia Campbell Hearst

(1954-02-20) February 20, 1954 (age 70)
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of California, Berkeley
Known forBeing kidnapped and indoctrinated by the Symbionese Liberation Army
Spouse
Bernard Lee Shaw
​
​
(m. 1979; died 2013)​
Children2; including Lydia Hearst
FatherRandolph Apperson Hearst
RelativesHearst family

Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954) is a member of the Hearst family and granddaughter of American publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst. She first became known for the events following her 1974 kidnapping by the Symbionese Liberation Army. She was found and arrested 19 months after being abducted, by which time she was a fugitive wanted for serious crimes committed with members of the group. She was held in custody, and there was speculation before trial that her family's resources would enable her to avoid time in prison.

At her trial, the prosecution suggested that Hearst had joined the Symbionese Liberation Army of her own volition. However, she testified that she had been raped and threatened with death while held captive. In 1976, she was convicted for the crime of bank robbery and sentenced to 35 years in prison, later reduced to seven years. Her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter, and she was later pardoned by President Bill Clinton.

Early life

[edit]

Hearst, who prefers to be called Patricia rather than Patty,[1] was born on February 20, 1954, in San Francisco, California,[2][3] the third of five daughters of Randolph Apperson Hearst and Catherine Wood Campbell. She was raised primarily in Hillsborough and attended the private Crystal Springs School for Girls there, Sacred Heart in Atherton, and the Santa Catalina School in Monterey.[4] She attended Menlo College in Atherton, California[5] before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley.

Hearst's grandfather William Randolph Hearst created the largest newspaper, magazine, newsreel and film business in the world. Her great-grandmother was philanthropist Phoebe Hearst. The family wielded immense political influence and had opposed organized labor, gold mine workers' interests, and communism since before World War II.[6] Hearst's father was among a number of heirs to the family fortune and did not control the Hearst interests. Her parents had not considered it necessary to take preventive measures to ensure their children's personal security. At the time of her abduction, Hearst was a sophomore at Berkeley studying art history. She lived with her fiancé Steven Weed in an apartment in Berkeley.[1]

Symbionese Liberation Army

[edit]

Kidnapping

[edit]

On February 4, 1974, 19-year-old Hearst was kidnapped from her Berkeley apartment. A small urban guerrilla left-wing group called the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) claimed responsibility for the abduction.[7] Hearst's kidnapping was partly opportunistic, as she resided near the SLA hideout. According to testimony at trial, the group's main intention was to leverage the Hearst family's political influence to free SLA members Russ Little and Joe Remiro, who had been arrested for the November 1973 murder of Marcus Foster, superintendent of Oakland public schools.[citation needed]

After the state refused to free the men, the SLA demanded that Hearst's family distribute $70 worth of food to every needy Californian, an operation that would cost an estimated $400 million. In response, Hearst's father obtained a loan and arranged the immediate donation of $2 million worth of food to the poor of the Bay Area for one year in a project called People in Need. After the distribution descended into chaos, the SLA refused to release Hearst.[8]

According to Hearst's testimony at her 1976 trial, she was held for a week in a closet, blindfolded and with her hands tied. During this time, SLA founder Cinque (Donald DeFreeze) repeatedly threatened her with death.[9] She was allowed to leave the closet for meals, still blindfolded, and began to participate in the group's political discussions. She was given a flashlight for reading and SLA political tracts to memorize. Hearst was confined in the closet for weeks. She said, "DeFreeze told me that the war council had decided or was thinking about killing me or me staying with them, and that I better start thinking about that as a possibility. ... I accommodated my thoughts to coincide with theirs."[9] In an April 1974 account, Hearst claimed that she had been offered the choice of being released or joining the SLA.[10]

When asked for her decision, Hearst elected to remain and fight with the SLA. The blindfold was removed, allowing her to see her captors for the first time. After this, she was given daily lessons on her duties, especially weapon drills. Angela Atwood told Hearst that the others wanted Hearst to share in the sexual freedom among the unit. Hearst later claimed to have been raped by William "Willie" Wolfe and DeFreeze.[9][11][12][13]

Bank robbery

[edit]

On April 3, 1974, two months after she had been abducted, Hearst announced on an audiotape released to the media that she had joined the SLA and adopted the name Tania,[14] a tribute to Che Guevara's comrade Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider.[15][16]

Hearst yelling commands at bank customers; DeFreeze in hat on the left[17]

On April 15, 1974, Hearst was recorded on surveillance video wielding an M1 carbine while robbing the Sunset District branch of the Hibernia Bank at 1450 Noriega Street in San Francisco.[7] Hearst, identified under her pseudonym of "Tania", yelled, "I'm Tania. Up, up, up against the wall, motherfuckers!"[18][19][20][21] Two men entered the bank while the robbery was occurring and were shot and wounded by the SLA.[19][20][21] According to testimony at her trial, a witness thought that Hearst had been several paces behind the others when running to the getaway car.[19][20][21]

Attorney General William B. Saxbe said that Hearst was a "common criminal" and "not a reluctant participant" in the bank robbery. James L. Browning Jr. said that her participation in the robbery may have been voluntary, contrasting with an earlier comment in which he said that she might have been coerced into taking part. The FBI agent heading the investigation said that SLA members were photographed pointing guns at Hearst during the robbery.[22] A grand jury indicted her in June 1974 for the robbery.[23][24]

Rescue of Harris

[edit]

On May 16, 1974, the manager at Mel's Sporting Goods in Inglewood, California, observed a minor theft by William Harris, who had been shopping with his wife Emily while Hearst waited across the road in a van. The manager and an employee followed Harris out and confronted him. There was a scuffle and the manager restrained Harris, when a pistol fell out of Harris's waistband.[25][26] Hearst discharged the entire magazine of an automatic carbine into the overhead storefront, causing the manager to dive behind a lightpost.[27][28] He tried to shoot back, but Hearst began aiming closer.[26][29][30]

Fugitive

[edit]

Hearst and the Harris couple hijacked two cars and abducted the owners. One was a young man who found Hearst so personable that he was reluctant to report the incident. He testified at the trial to her discussing the effectiveness of cyanide-tipped bullets and repeatedly asking if he was okay.[31] Police had surrounded the main base of the SLA in Los Angeles before these three returned, so they hid elsewhere.

The six SLA members inside the hideout died. There was an hourslong gunfight with police, and two members were fatally shot; a fire broke out in the house, in which the remainder died, but DeFreeze first killed himself by gunshot. It was initially thought that Hearst had also died during this confrontation.[32] Warrants were issued for the arrest of Hearst and the Harrises for several felonies, including two counts of kidnapping.[13]

Emily Harris went to a Berkeley rally to commemorate the deaths of Angela Atwood, Soltysik, DeFreeze, and other founding members of the SLA who had died in Los Angeles during the police siege. Harris recognized Atwood's acquaintance Kathy Soliah among the radicals whom she had known from civil rights groups. Soliah introduced the three fugitives to Jack Scott, an athletics reformer and radical, and he agreed to provide them help and money.[33]

Involvement in later SLA crimes

[edit]

Hearst helped make improvised explosive devices. These were used in two unsuccessful attempts to kill police officers during August 1975; one of the devices failed to detonate.[34][35]

Marked money found in the apartment when she was arrested linked Hearst to the SLA armed robbery of Crocker National Bank in Carmichael, California; she was the getaway car driver for the robbery. Myrna Opsahl, a mother of four who was at the bank making a deposit, was shot dead by a masked Emily Harris. Hearst was potentially at risk for felony murder charges and could testify as a witness against Harris for a capital offense.[36][37]

[edit]
Hearst's 1975 mugshot

On September 18, 1975, Hearst was arrested in a San Francisco apartment with Wendy Yoshimura, another SLA member, by San Francisco Police Inspector Timothy F. Casey and his partner, Police Officer Laurence R. Pasero, and FBI Special Agent Thomas J. Padden and his partners, FBI agents Jason Moulton, Frank Doyle, Jr., Larry Lawler, Monte Hall, Dick Vitamonte, Leo Brenneissen, and Ray Campos.[7][38][39] While being booked into jail, Hearst listed her occupation as "Urban Guerilla". She asked her attorney to relay the following message: "Tell everybody that I'm smiling, that I feel free and strong and I send my greetings and love to all the sisters and brothers out there."[40][41]

Brainwashing claims

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At the time of her arrest, Hearst's weight had dropped to 87 pounds (40 kg), and she was described by psychologist Margaret Singer in October 1975 as "a low-IQ, low-affect zombie".[42] Shortly after her arrest, doctors recorded signs of trauma: her IQ was measured as 112, whereas it had previously been 130; there were huge gaps in her memory regarding her pre-Tania life; she was smoking heavily and had nightmares.[43] Without a mental illness or defect, a person is considered to be fully responsible for any criminal action not done under duress, which is defined as a clear and present threat of death or serious injury.[44][45] For Hearst to secure an acquittal on the grounds of having been brainwashed would have been completely unprecedented.[46][47]

Psychiatrist Louis Jolyon West, a professor at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), was appointed by the court in his capacity as a brainwashing expert and worked without a fee. After the trial, he wrote a newspaper article asking President Carter to release Hearst from prison.[48]

Hearst wrote in her memoir, Every Secret Thing (1982), "I spent fifteen hours going over my SLA experiences with Robert Jay Lifton of Yale University. Lifton, author of several books on coercive persuasion and thought reform, [...] pronounced me a 'classic case' which met all the psychological criteria of a coerced prisoner of war. [...] If I had reacted differently, that would have been suspect, he said."[49]

After some weeks in custody, Hearst repudiated her SLA allegiance.[12][50] Her first lawyer, Terence Hallinan, had advised Hearst not to talk to anyone, including psychiatrists. He advocated a defense of involuntary intoxication: that the SLA had given her drugs that affected her judgment and recollection.[13][46][51][42]

He was replaced by attorney F. Lee Bailey, who asserted a defense of coercion or duress affecting intent at the time of the offense.[52] This was similar to the brainwashing defense which Hallinan had warned was not a defense in law. Hearst gave long interviews to various psychiatrists.[44]

Trial

[edit]

Hearst alone was arraigned for the Hibernia Bank robbery; the trial commenced on January 15, 1976. Judge Oliver Jesse Carter ruled that Hearst's taped and written statements after the bank robbery, while she was a fugitive with the SLA members, were voluntary. He did not allow expert testimony that stylistic analysis indicated the "Tania" statements and writing were not wholly composed by Hearst. He permitted the prosecution to introduce statements and actions Hearst made long after the Hibernia robbery, as evidence of her state of mind at the time of the robbery. Judge Carter also allowed into evidence a recording made by jail authorities of a friend's jail visit with Hearst, in which Hearst used profanities and spoke of her radical and feminist beliefs, but he did not allow tapes of psychiatrist Louis Jolyon West's interviews of Hearst to be heard by the jury. Judge Carter was described as "resting his eyes" during testimony favorable to the defense by West and others.[44][53]

According to Hearst's testimony, her captors had demanded she appear enthusiastic during the robbery and warned she would pay with her life for any mistake.[54] Her defense lawyer F. Lee Bailey provided photographs showing that SLA members, including Camilla Hall, had pointed guns at Hearst during the robbery.[54] In reference to the shooting at Mel's Sporting Goods Store and her decision to not escape, Hearst testified that she was instructed throughout her captivity on what to do in an emergency. She said one class in particular had a situation similar to the store manager's detention of the Harrises. Hearst testified that "when it happened I didn't even think. I just did it, and if I had not done it and if they had been able to get away they would have killed me."[9]

Testifying for the prosecution, Dr. Harry Kozol said Hearst had been "a rebel in search of a cause", and her participation in the Hibernia robbery had been "an act of free will."[55][56] Prosecutor James L. Browning Jr. asked the other psychiatrist testifying for the prosecution, Dr. Joel Fort, if Hearst was in fear of death or great bodily injury during the robbery, to which he answered, "No". Bailey angrily objected.[57] Fort assessed Hearst as amoral, and said she had voluntarily had sex with Wolfe and DeFreeze, which Hearst denied both in court and outside.[44][58][59] Prosecutor Browning tried to show that writings by Hearst indicated her testimony had misrepresented her interactions with Wolfe. She said she had been writing the SLA version of events, and had been punched in the face by William Harris when she refused to be more effusive about what she regarded as sexual abuse by Wolfe. Judge Carter allowed testimony from the prosecution psychiatrists about Hearst's early sexual experiences, although these had occurred years before her kidnapping and the bank robbery.[51][60]

In court, Hearst made a poor impression and appeared lethargic. An Associated Press report attributed this state to drugs she was given by jail doctors.[51] Bailey was strongly criticized for his decision to put Hearst on the stand, then having her repeatedly decline to answer questions. According to Alan Dershowitz, Bailey was wrong-footed by the judge, who had appeared to indicate she would have Fifth Amendment privilege: the jury would not be present for some of her testimony, or would be instructed not to draw inferences, on matters subsequent to the Hibernian Bank charges for which she was being tried, but he changed his mind.[44][61][62]

After a few months, Hearst provided information to the authorities, not under oath (sworn testimony could have been used to convict her) of SLA activities. A bomb exploded at Hearst Castle in February 1976.[63] After Hearst testified that Wolfe had raped her, Emily Harris gave a magazine interview from jail alleging that Hearst's keeping a trinket given to her by Wolfe was an indication that she had been in a romantic relationship with him. Hearst said she had kept the stone carving because she thought it was a Pre-Columbian artifact of archeological significance. The prosecutor James L. Browning Jr. used Harris's interpretation of the item. Some jurors later said they regarded the carving, which Browning waved in front of them, as powerful evidence that Hearst was lying.[51][64]

Closing arguments

[edit]

In his closing argument, prosecutor Browning suggested that Hearst had taken part in the bank robbery without coercion.[65] Browning, who later became a judge, also suggested to the jury that as the female SLA members were feminists, they would not have allowed Hearst to be raped.[44][65]

In her autobiography, Hearst expressed disappointment with what she saw as Bailey's lack of focus in the crucial end stage of her trial. She described him as having the appearance of someone with a hangover, and spilling water down the front of his pants while making a "disjointed" closing argument.[66] Bailey's final statement to the court was, "But simple application of the rules, I think, will yield one decent result, and, that is, there is not anything close to proof beyond a reasonable doubt that Patty Hearst wanted to be a bank robber. What you know, and you know in your hearts to be true is beyond dispute. There was talk about her dying, and she wanted to survive."[58]

Conviction and sentencing

[edit]

On March 20, 1976, Hearst was convicted of bank robbery and using a firearm during the commission of a felony. She was given the maximum sentence possible of 35 years' imprisonment, pending a reduction at final sentence hearing, which Carter declined to specify.[67]

Because Judge Carter had died, Judge William H. Orrick Jr. determined Hearst's sentence. He gave her seven years' imprisonment, commenting that "rebellious young people who, for whatever reason become revolutionaries, and voluntarily commit criminal acts will be punished".[68]

Prison life

[edit]
Hearst is escorted by marshals into a Los Angeles courthouse for a May 1976 pretrial hearing for the shootout at Mel's Sporting Goods.

Hearst was imprisoned at the Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin (California).[69] She suffered a collapsed lung in prison, the beginning of a series of medical problems, and she underwent emergency surgery. This prevented her from appearing to testify against the Harrises on 11 charges, including robbery, kidnapping, and assault; she was also arraigned for those charges.[70] She was held in solitary confinement for security reasons; she was granted bail for an appeal hearing in November 1976 on the condition that she was protected on bond. Her father hired dozens of bodyguards.[71]

Superior Court judge Talbot Callister gave her probation on the sporting goods store charge when she pleaded no contest, saying that he believed that she had been subject to coercion amounting to torture.[68] California Attorney General Evelle J. Younger said that, if there was a double standard for the wealthy, it was the opposite of what was generally believed and that Hearst had received a stiffer sentence than a person of lesser means might have. He said that she had no legal brainwashing defense, but pointed out that the events had started with her being kidnapped.[72]

Hearst's bail was revoked in May 1978 when appeals failed, and the Supreme Court declined to hear her case.[67][68] The prison took no special security measures for her safety until she found a dead rat on her bunk on the day when William and Emily Harris were arraigned for her abduction. The Harrises were convicted on a simple kidnapping charge, as opposed to the more serious kidnapping for ransom or kidnapping with bodily injury, and they were released after serving a total of eight years each.[46]

Representative Leo Ryan was collecting signatures on a petition for Hearst's release several weeks before he was murdered while visiting the Jonestown settlement in Guyana.[73] Actor John Wayne spoke after the Jonestown cult deaths, stating that people had accepted that Jim Jones had brainwashed 900 individuals into mass suicide but would not accept that the Symbionese Liberation Army could have brainwashed a kidnapped teenage girl.[67][74]

Commutation, release, and pardon

[edit]

President Jimmy Carter commuted Hearst's federal sentence to the 22 months served, freeing her eight months before she was eligible for her first parole hearing. Her release (on February 1, 1979) was under stringent conditions, and she remained on probation for the state sentence on the sporting goods store plea.[75] She recovered full civil rights when President Bill Clinton granted her a pardon on January 20, 2001, his last day in office.[51][67][76][77]

Life after release

[edit]
Hearst with Shaw, 1979

Two months after her release from prison, Hearst married Bernard Lee Shaw (1945–2013),[78] a policeman who was part of her security detail during her time on bail. They had two children, Gillian and Lydia Hearst-Shaw. Hearst became involved in a foundation helping children with AIDS, and was active in other charities and fund-raising activities.[79]

Media and other activities

[edit]

Hearst published the memoir Every Secret Thing, co-written with Alvin Moscow, in 1981. Her accounts resulted in authorities considering bringing new charges against her.[80] She was interviewed in 2009 on NBC and said that the prosecutor had suggested that she had been in a consensual relationship with Wolfe. She described that as "outrageous" and an insult to rape victims.[81]

Hearst produced a special for the Travel Channel titled Secrets of San Simeon with Patricia Hearst, in which she took viewers inside her grandfather's mansion Hearst Castle, providing unprecedented access to the property.[82] She collaborated with Cordelia Frances Biddle on writing the novel Murder at San Simeon (Scribner, 1996), based upon the death of Thomas H. Ince on her grandfather's yacht.[79]

She has appeared in feature films for director John Waters, who cast her in Cry-Baby (1990), Serial Mom (1994), Pecker (1998), Cecil B. DeMented (2000) and A Dirty Shame (2004). Hearst also made a cameo in Pauly Shore's film Bio-Dome (1996) and had a small role in the 2004 film Second Best. She was also a producer on the film Pottersville and made an appearance in the 2000 documentary, Pie in the Sky: The Brigid Berlin Story.

Her television acting roles include episodes of The Adventures of Pete & Pete, Boston Common, Son of the Beach and Tripping the Rift. She was also a guest caller on the TV series Frasier on season 1 episode 23 "Frasier Crane's Day Off" (1994), as Janice. She also appeared in the episode "Lord of the Pi's" in season 3 of Veronica Mars. The character was the heiress of a fictionalized Hearst family, loosely based on aspects of her life.

Hearst has participated with her dogs in dog shows,[83] and her Shih Tzu Rocket won the "Toy" group at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show at Madison Square Garden on February 16, 2015.[84] At the 2017 show, Hearst's French bulldog Tuggy won Best of Breed, and Rubi won Best of Opposite Sex.[85]

Films about Hearst's SLA period

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[edit]

See also

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Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Zahn, Paula (April 16, 2001). "Patty Hearst Profile – Radically different – Heiress' life far removed from days of '74 kidnapping". CNN. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  2. ^ "Radically different: Heiress' life far removed from days of '74 kidnapping". CNN. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  3. ^ Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (2000). Women in World History. Vol. 7. Yorkin Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-787-64066-8.
  4. ^ "CRIME: The Hearst Nightmare". Time. April 29, 1974. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  5. ^ Macomber, Frank (May 22, 1974). "At Menlo, Patty A Brilliant Student". Desert Sun. p. A3. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  6. ^ Pizzitola, Louis (2002). Hearst Over Hollywood: Power, Passion, and Propaganda in the Movies. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 333–338. ISBN 0-231-11646-2.
  7. ^ a b c "Patty Hearst Kidnapping". FBI.gov. Archived from the original on April 23, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  8. ^ Patrick Mondout. "SLA Chronology". Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2007.
  9. ^ a b c d "Excerpt of Cross-Examination of Defendant, Patty Hearst". Selected Trial Transcript Excerpts in the Patty Hearst Trial. Archived from the original on March 6, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  10. ^ Caldwell, Earl (April 4, 1974). "Miss Hearst Says She Joins Terrorists". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  11. ^ "Patty Hearst describes closet rape by captors". Bangor Daily News. San Francisco. February 18, 1976.
  12. ^ a b Larry King Live (January 22, 2002). "Interview with Patty Hearst – Transcript". CNN. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
  13. ^ a b c "1974 news report on Hearst's Berkeley kidnapping". NBC news. Archived from the original on January 1, 2015.
  14. ^ "Timeline: Guerrilla: The Taking of Patty Hearst". American Experience. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  15. ^ Magana, Jose Luis (December 31, 1998). "Cuba honors the remains of 10 Guevara comrades". Houston Chronicle. p. 24.
  16. ^ Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Stockholm Syndrome, Gale, 2011
  17. ^ Lucas, Dean (May 14, 2013). "Patty Hearst". Famous Pictures Magazine. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  18. ^ "American Experience – More about the film Guerrilla: The Taking of Patty Hearst – Transcript". PBS. Archived from the original on October 3, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  19. ^ a b c "1975 Year in Review: Patty Hearst Jailed". Archived from the original on October 9, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.. United Press International. 1975
  20. ^ a b c AP (February 7, 1976). "Testimony Expected from Miss Hearst". The Fort Scott Tribune. San Francisco.
  21. ^ a b c "Patricia Hearst identified in photos of bank robbery". Chicago Tribune. April 16, 1974. Archived from the original on September 17, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  22. ^ "Patricia Hearst Called Common Criminal". Wilmington Morning Star. San Francisco. April 18, 1974.
  23. ^ "Patty Hearst is Indicted for Bank Robbery". Sarasota Herald Tribune. June 7, 1974.
  24. ^ "Indict Patty on Rbbery". Chicago Tribune. San Francisco. June 7, 1974.
  25. ^ "City of Inglewood 100th Anniversary 1908–2008". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  26. ^ a b Rotella, Sebastian (January 22, 1989). "Officer who investigated Patty Hearst's 1974 shoot-out in Inglewood says the incident shouldn't be 'erased from history.'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  27. ^ "Fugitive Patty Hearst may face intent-to-kill charges". Chicago Tribune. May 22, 1974. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  28. ^ "Victim is "Stunned" by Patty's Probation". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Los Angeles. May 10, 1977.
  29. ^ "City of Inglewood 100th Anniversary 1908–2008" (PDF). cityofinglewood.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  30. ^ "Fugitive Patty Hearst May Face Intent To Kill Charges". Chicago Tribune. May 22, 1974. Archived from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  31. ^ Famous Trials by Douglas O. Linder (2014), University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC) School of Law "Testimony of Thomas Matthews in the Patty Hearst Trial" Archived November 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Rotella, Sebastian (January 22, 1989). "Officer who investigated Patty Hearst's 1974 shoot-out in Inglewood says the incident shouldn't be 'erased from history.'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  33. ^ PBS American Experience, retrieved 26/12/14 "Guerrilla" Archived February 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ Goldin, Greg (January 18, 2002). "The Last Revolutionary: Sara Jane Olson Speaks". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  35. ^ Roddy, Dennis (March 10, 2001). "Payback from a long-forgotten account". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  36. ^ Stoltze, Frank (January 17, 2002). "Sara Jane Olson charged with murder". Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  37. ^ "Patty tells of Holdups, Bombings". Evening Independent. San Francisco. December 5, 1981.
  38. ^ Taylor, Michael (December 6, 2005). "Timothy Casey – S.F. officer who cuffed fugitive Patricia Hearst". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  39. ^ Nolte, Carl (March 26, 2010). "Thomas Padden, who arrested Patty Hearst, dies". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
  40. ^ "Patty's Twisted Journey". Time. September 29, 1975. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012.
  41. ^ Toobin 2016, p. 156.
  42. ^ a b Graebner, William (2008). Patty's Got a Gun: Patricia Hearst in 1970s America. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226305226.[page needed]
  43. ^ Orth, Maureen (July 1, 1988). "Published on July 1, 1988". Maureenorth.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  44. ^ a b c d e f "The Trial of Patty Hearst: An Account". umkc.edu. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2014.
  45. ^ Graebner, William (2015). Patty's Got a Gun: Patricia Hearst in 1970s America. University of Chicago Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780226324326.
  46. ^ a b c Westervelt, Saundra Davis (1998). Shifting the Blame: How Victimization Became a Criminal Defense. Rutgers University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780813525839.
  47. ^ Ewing, Charles Patrick; McCann, Joseph T. (2006). Minds on Trial: Great Cases in Law and Psychology. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 34–36. ISBN 9780195181760.
  48. ^ West, Louis Jolyon (December 29, 1978). "Psychiatrist pleads for Patty Hearst's release". Eugene Register-Guard. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
  49. ^ Hearst, Patricia; Moscow, Alvin (1982). "Excerpt from Every Secret Thing". New York: Doubleday & Co. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
  50. ^ Rosen, Fred (2005). The Historical Atlas of American Crime. Facts on File. p. 257. ISBN 9780816048410.
  51. ^ a b c d e Krassner, Paul (2014). Patty Hearst and the Twinkie Murders: A Tale of Two Trials. PM Press. ISBN 9781629630380.[page needed]
  52. ^ Westcott, Kathryn (August 22, 2013). "What is Stockholm syndrome?". BBC News Magazine. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2017. Hearst's defence lawyer Bailey claimed that the 19-year-old had been brainwashed and was suffering from "Stockholm Syndrome" – a term that had been recently coined to explain the apparently irrational feelings of some captives for their captors.
  53. ^ Krassner, Paul (2014). Patty Hearst and the Twinkie Murders: A Tale of Two Trials. PM Press. p. 27. ISBN 9781629630380.
  54. ^ a b Krassner, Paul (October 2014). Patty Hearst and the Twinkie Murders: A Tale of Two Trials. PM Press. p. 21. ISBN 9781629630380.
  55. ^ Carey, Benedict (September 1, 2008). "Harry L. Kozol, Expert in Patty Hearst Trial, Is Dead at 102". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  56. ^ Wilkinson, Francis (December 24, 2008). "Harry L. Kozol, born 1908". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
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Cited texts

[edit]
  • Toobin, Jeffrey (2016). American Heiress: The Wild Saga of the Kidnapping, Crimes and Trial of Patty Hearst. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 9780385536714.
  • Graebner, William (2008). Patty's Got a Gun: Patricia Hearst in 1970s America. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226305226.
[edit]

Media related to Patty Hearst at Wikimedia Commons

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