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Maurice Goldhaber

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Maurice Goldhaber
Born(1911-04-18)April 18, 1911
Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine)
DiedMay 11, 2011(2011-05-11) (aged 100)
East Setauket, New York, U.S.
Alma materUniversity of Berlin
Cambridge University
Known forNeutrinos and negative helicity
AwardsTom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics (1971)
National Medal of Science (1983)
Wolf Prize in Physics (1991)
J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize (1982)
Fermi Award (1998)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysicist
InstitutionsCavendish Laboratory
Doctoral advisorJames Chadwick
Doctoral studentsTheodore A. Welton[1]

Maurice Goldhaber (April 18, 1911 – May 11, 2011) was an American physicist, who in 1957 (with Lee Grodzins and Andrew Sunyar) established that neutrinos have negative helicity.

Early life and childhood

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He was born on April 18, 1911, in Lemberg, Austria, now called Lviv, Ukraine to a Jewish family. His great-grandfather Gershon Goldhaber was a rabbi.[2] His son Alfred Goldhaber is a professor at the C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics at SUNY Stony Brook. His grandson, David Goldhaber-Gordon is a Physics Professor at Stanford University.

Education

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After beginning his physics studies at the University of Berlin, he earned his doctorate at Cambridge University in 1936, belonging to Magdalene College.

Career

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In 1934, working at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England he and James Chadwick, through what they called the nuclear photo-electric effect, established that the neutron has a great enough mass over the proton to decay.

He moved to the University of Illinois in 1938. In the 1940s with his wife Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber he established that beta particles are identical to electrons.

He joined Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1950. With Edward Teller he proposed that the so-called "giant-dipole nuclear resonance" was due to the neutrons in a nucleus vibrating as a group against the protons as a group (Goldhaber-Teller model).

He made a well-known bet with Hartland Snyder in about 1955 that anti-protons could not exist; when he lost the bet, he speculated that the reason anti-matter does not appear to be abundant in the universe is that before the Big Bang, a single particle, the "universon" existed that then decayed into "cosmon" and "anti-cosmon," and that the cosmon subsequently decayed to produce the known cosmos. In the 1950s also he speculated that all fermions[3] such as electrons, protons and neutrons are "doubled," that is that each is associated with a similar heavier particle. He also speculated that in what became known as the Goldhaber-Christie model, the so-called strange particles were composites of just 3 basic particles. He was Director of Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1961 to 1973.

Among his many other awards, he won the National Medal of Science in 1983,[4] the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1985,[5] the Wolf Prize in 1991, the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize in 1982 (shared with Robert Marshak),[6] and the Fermi Award in 1998. He was an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences,[7] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[8] and the American Philosophical Society.[9] Although never a Nobel laureate, he was nominated in 1962 by Otto Struve for the Nobel Prize in Physics.[10]

Maurice Goldhaber's brother Gerson Goldhaber was a professor of physics at the University of California Berkeley; his son Alfred Scharff Goldhaber is a professor of physics at SUNY Stony Brook; his grandson (son of Alfred) David Goldhaber-Gordon is a professor of physics at Stanford.

Death

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Goldhaber died May 11, 2011, at his home in East Setauket, New York at 100.[11]

Legacy

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In 2001, Brookhaven National Laboratory created the Gertrude and Maurice Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships in his honor. These Fellowships are awarded to early-career scientists with exceptional talent and credentials who have a strong desire for independent research at the frontiers of their fields.[12]

References

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  • G. Feinberg, A.W. Sunyar, J. Weneser, A Festschrift for Maurice Goldhaber, New York Academy of Sciences (1993), ISBN 0-89766-086-2
  1. ^ "Theodore Allen Welton". Physics Tree.
  2. ^ Crease, Robert P.; Goldhaber, Alfred S. (2012). "Maurice Goldhaber 1911–2011" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences.
  3. ^ Goldhaber, Maurice (2002), "A closer look at the elementary fermions.", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 99, no. 1 (published Jan 8, 2002), pp. 33–6, arXiv:hep-ph/0201208, Bibcode:2002PNAS...99...33G, doi:10.1073/pnas.221582298, PMC 117509, PMID 11773637
  4. ^ Maurice Goldhaber at the President's National Medal of Science
  5. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  6. ^ "Oppenheimer Prize awarded to Goldhaber and Marshak". Physics Today. 35 (9). American Institute of Physics: 89. September 1982. Bibcode:1982PhT....35i..89.. doi:10.1063/1.2915276.
  7. ^ "Maurice Goldhaber". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  8. ^ "Maurice Goldhaber". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  9. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
  10. ^ "Nominee: Maurice Goldhaber; Nominator: Otto Struve". Nomination Archive, The Nobel Prize. 1962.
  11. ^ Kenneth Chang (2011-05-17). "Maurice Goldhaber, Atomic Physicist, Is Dead at 100". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Dr. Goldhaber was director of the Brookhaven lab from 1961 to 1973, overseeing experiments there that led to three Nobel Prizes. His most famous contribution to science's basic understanding of how the universe works involved the ghostly, perplexing subatomic particles known as neutrinos.
  12. ^ Goldhaber Distinguished Fellowships
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