Democrats of the Left

Democrats of the Left

Democratici di Sinistra
Democrats of the Left Democratici di Sinistra
Secretary	Massimo D'Alema (first); Piero Fassino (last);
President	Massimo D'Alema
Founded	14 February 1998; 26 years ago
Dissolved	14 October 2007; 17 years ago
Preceded by	Democratic Party of the Left
Merged into	Democratic Party
Headquarters	Via Palermo 12, Rome
Youth wing	Youth Left
Membership (2007)	615,414
Ideology	Social democracy
Political position	Centre-left
National affiliation	The Olive Tree (1998–2007); The Union (2004–2007);
European affiliation	Party of European Socialists
European Parliament group	Party of European Socialists
International affiliation	Socialist International
Colors	Red
	Politics of Italy; Political parties; Elections;

The Democrats of the Left (Italian: Democratici di Sinistra, DS) was a social-democratic political party in Italy.^[2]^[3]^[4] Positioned on the centre-left,^[5] the DS, successor of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and the Italian Communist Party, was formed in 1998 upon the merger of the PDS with several minor parties. A member of The Olive Tree coalition, the DS was successively led by Massimo D'Alema, Walter Veltroni, and Piero Fassino, and merged with Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and a number of minor centre-left parties to form the Democratic Party in October 2007.^[6]

History

At its 20th congress in 1991, the Italian Communist Party (PCI) was transformed into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), responding to the Revolutions of 1989 in eastern Europe by re-orienting the party towards the European democratic socialist tradition.^[7] Under the leadership of Massimo D'Alema, the PDS merged with some minor centre-left movements (Labour Federation, Social Christians, Republican Left, Movement of Unitarian Communists, Reformists for Europe, and Democratic Federation) on 13 February 1998.^[8]^[9]

The DS' symbol lacked the hammer and sickle, which was present in the PDS' one and was instead replaced by the red rose of European social democracy as used by the Party of European Socialists (PES). Massimo D'Alema became Prime Minister of Italy in October 1998, the first former Communist to hold the post. D'Alema was replaced as the leader of DS by Walter Veltroni. During the party's first national congress in January 2000, Veltroni received the support of the 79.9% of delegates, while the left wing of the party, at the time led by three women (Anna Finocchiaro, Fulvia Bandoli, and Pasqualina Napoletano), had the support of 20.1% of delegates.

Leadership of Piero Fassino

During the party's second national congress in November 2001, Piero Fassino, a mainstream social democrat, was elected secretary with 61.8% of party members' votes. In the event, Giovanni Berlinguer, endorsed by left-wingers, democratic socialists, and the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) trade union, gained 34.1%, while Enrico Morando, from the liberal right-wing, got 4.1%. Contextually, D'Alema was elected president. During the third national congress in February 2005, Fassino was re-elected with 79.0% of the vote. While no one stood against Fassino, left-wing candidates ran for congressional delegates: the DS Left – returning to win motion/list won 14.6% of the vote; DS Left for Socialism, 4.0%; and the Ecologist Left, 2.4%.

2006 general election

In the 2006 Italian general election, the DS endorsed Romano Prodi for Prime Minister and were part of The Olive Tree electoral list, along with Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) and the European Republicans Movement (MRE), for the Chamber of Deputies, while fielding its own list for the Senate of the Republic. The DS–DL–MRE joint list obtained 31.2% of the vote and 220 deputies, while the DS list 17.2% and 62 senators. The party's dismal result and the razor-thin win of The Union coalition over the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition prompted a discussion on the party's future. By the end of 2006, the party leadership was committed to a merger with DL. Nine Ministers of the Prodi II Cabinet were affiliated to the DS, notably including D'Alema who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs. Giorgio Napolitano, another DS member, was elected President of Italy in May 2006 and re-elected in April 2013 for a second term.

Fourth national congress and split

The party's fourth national congress was held in 19–21 April 2007. During local congresses, Fassino and his motion named For the Democratic Party, backed by most leading members (D'Alema, Pier Luigi Bersani, and Antonio Bassolino, among others), received the support of 75.6% by party members. The left wing of Fabio Mussi, Cesare Salvi, Fulvia Bandoli, and Valdo Spini (To the Left. For European Socialism) scored 15.0%; this motion was instead opposed to the merger of the DS with DL. A third motion (For a New, Democratic and Socialist Party), signed by Gavino Angius, Mauro Zani, and originally Giuseppe Caldarola, took 9.3% of the vote; its members (gathered in the new Socialists and Europeans faction) supported the creation of a new party only within the PES, which was opposed by the DL. As a result, the DS approved the formation of a Democratic Party, along with DL and minor parties. Most supporters of the two motions which had opposed the merger left the DS right after the congress and launched the Democratic Left on 5 May 2007, which aimed to unite the heterogeneous Italian left.^[10]

The Democratic Party (PD) was formed in October 2007 and its first secretary was Walter Veltroni, a former DS leader who was elected leader of the new party through a leadership election, which saw the participation of over 3,5 million Italian voters in which Veltroni won 75.8% of the vote.

Factions

Inside the DS, there was often a somewhat simplistic distinction between reformists (riformisti) and radicals (radicali), indicating respectively the party's mainstream and its left wing. The party also included several organised factions. The social-democratic majority was loosely organised, while including several organised movements: the Labourites – Liberal Socialists and Sicily's Reformist Movement, both splinter groups of the Italian Socialist Party; Reformist Europe, a splinter group of the Democratic Union led by Giorgio Benvenuto (previously named Reformists for Europe); the Social Christians, which had emerged from the left wing of Christian Democracy; the Republican Left, from the left wing of the Italian Republican Party; and the Liberal Left, from the left wing of the Italian Liberal Party. A dissident group left the Labourites in order to launch Socialists and Europeans as a vehicle to oppose the party's merger with DL. On the party's right, the Liberal DS had a moderate Third Way or radical centrist political agenda and joined the party's majority in latter years.

Before the party's last congress in 2007, the left-wing opposition was led by the DS Left – Returning to win, a democratic-socialist grouping, with other smaller groups including DS Left – for Socialism and the Ecologist Left. Before that, some DS leading members, including Pietro Ingrao, Achille Occhetto, and Pietro Folena, had left the party in order to join the Communist Refoundation Party, which at its sixth congress held in January 2005 moved toward a more heterogeneous, non-sectarian, and strongly pacifist variety of leftism.

Popular support

The electoral results of DS (PDS until 1998) in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections from 1992 to 2006 are shown in chart below. The result for the 2006 general election refers to the election for the Senate (the DS contested the election for the Chamber of Deputies in a joint list with the DL).

The electoral results of the DS (PDS until 1998) in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below.

	1994 general	1995 regional	1996 general	1999 European	2000 regional	2001 general	2004 European	2005 regional	2006 general
Piedmont	16.7	21.7	16.9	13.7	17.7	15.9	with Ulivo	20.1	16.9
Lombardy	13.0	16.5	15.1	12.9	with Ulivo	11.7	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	12.4
Veneto	12.2	16.5	11.8	11.1	12.3	10.7	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	11.5
Emilia-Romagna	36.6	43.0	35.7	32.8	36.2	28.8	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	30.6
Tuscany	33.7	40.9	34.8	31.9	36.4	30.9	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	29.8
Lazio	23.3	27.2	23.5	18.4	20.0	17.3	with Ulivo	with Ulivo	19.2
Campania	19.7	19.5	20.0	13.8	14.2	14.3	with Ulivo	15.3	14.1
Apulia	19.9	22.1	22.1	14.1	15.7	12.9	with Ulivo	16.6	15.6
Calabria	22.2	22.2	21.0	16.4	14.3	17.9	with Ulivo	15.4	14.4
Sicily	16.5	14.1 (1996)	16.6	12.0	10.1 (2001)	10.3	with Ulivo	14.0 (2006)	11.4

Electoral results

Italian Parliament

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
Chamber of Deputies
2001	6,151,154 (2nd)	16.6	137 / 630	–	Walter Veltroni
2006	with Ulivo	–	123 / 630	14	Piero Fassino

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
Senate of the Republic
2001	with Ulivo	–	64 / 315	–	Walter Veltroni
2006	5,977,347 (2nd)	17.5	62 / 315	2	Piero Fassino

European Parliament

Election year	Votes	%	Seats	+/−	Leader
European Parliament
1999	5,387,729 (2nd)	17.3	15 / 87	–	Walter Veltroni
2004	with Ulivo	–	12 / 78	3	Piero Fassino

Symbols

1998
2004

Leadership

Secretary: Massimo D'Alema (1998), Walter Veltroni (1998–2001), Piero Fassino (2001–2007)
- Coordinator: Marco Minniti (1998), Pietro Folena (1998–2001), Vannino Chiti (2001–2004), Vannino Chiti / Maurizio Migliavacca (2004–2006), Maurizio Migliavacca (2006–2007)
- Organizational Secretary: Pietro Folena (1998), Franco Passuello (1998–2001), Maurizio Migliavacca (2001–2004), Marina Sereni (2004–2006), Andrea Orlando (2006–2007)
President: Massimo D'Alema (2000–2007)
Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Fabio Mussi (1998–2001), Luciano Violante (2001–2006), Marina Sereni (deputy-leader of the Olive Tree's group, 2006–2007)
Party Leader in the Senate: Gavino Angius (1998–2006), Anna Finocchiaro (leader of the Olive Tree's group, 2006–2007)
Party Leader in the European Parliament: Renzo Imbeni (1998–1999), Pasqualina Napoletano (1999–2004), Nicola Zingaretti (2004–2006), Giovanni Pittella (2006–2009)

References

^ "Ds: Tutti i numeri del quarto congresso". Corriere della Sera. 19 April 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
^ André Krouwel (2012). Party Transformations in European Democracies. SUNY Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-4384-4483-3. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ Marcus E. Ethridge; Howard Handelman (2009). Politics in a Changing World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-495-57048-6. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ Donald F. Busky (2002). Communism in History and Theory: The European Experience. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-275-97734-4. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
^ Pietro Castelli Gattinara (2016). "Appendix 2". The Politics of Migration in Italy: Perspectives on Local Debates and Party Competition. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-317-24174-4.
^ Donatella M. Viola (2015). "Italy". Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
^ Daniela Giannetti; Rosa Mulé (2013). "The Democratici di Sinistra: In Search of a New Identity". In Anna Bosco; Leonardo Morlino (eds.). Party Change in Southern Europe. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-136-76777-7.
^ Donatella M. Viola (2015). "Italy". Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
^ Daniela Giannetti; Michael Laver (2008). "Party cohesion, party discipline, and party factions in Europe". In Daniela Giannetti; Kenneth Benoit (eds.). Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments. Routledge. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-134-04288-3.
^ Daniela Giannetti; Michael Laver (2008). "Party cohesion, party discipline, and party factions in Italy". In Daniela Giannetti; Kenneth Benoit (eds.). Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-134-04288-3.

External links

Official website

[1] "Ds: Tutti i numeri del quarto congresso". Corriere della Sera. 19 April 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2023.

[2] André Krouwel (2012). Party Transformations in European Democracies. SUNY Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-4384-4483-3. Retrieved 14 February 2013.

[3] Marcus E. Ethridge; Howard Handelman (2009). Politics in a Changing World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-495-57048-6. Retrieved 17 August 2012.

[4] Donald F. Busky (2002). Communism in History and Theory: The European Experience. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-275-97734-4. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

[5] Pietro Castelli Gattinara (2016). "Appendix 2". The Politics of Migration in Italy: Perspectives on Local Debates and Party Competition. Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-317-24174-4.

[6] Donatella M. Viola (2015). "Italy". Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.

[7] Daniela Giannetti; Rosa Mulé (2013). "The Democratici di Sinistra: In Search of a New Identity". In Anna Bosco; Leonardo Morlino (eds.). Party Change in Southern Europe. Routledge. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-136-76777-7.

[8] Donatella M. Viola (2015). "Italy". Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.

[9] Daniela Giannetti; Michael Laver (2008). "Party cohesion, party discipline, and party factions in Europe". In Daniela Giannetti; Kenneth Benoit (eds.). Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments. Routledge. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-134-04288-3.

[10] Daniela Giannetti; Michael Laver (2008). "Party cohesion, party discipline, and party factions in Italy". In Daniela Giannetti; Kenneth Benoit (eds.). Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments. Routledge. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-134-04288-3.

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v t e Historical political parties in Italy
Communist	Proletarian Unity Party (1972–1984) Italian Communist Party (1921–1991) Proletarian Democracy (1978–1991) Party of Italian Communists (1998–2014)
Democratic socialist	Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party (1881–1893) Italian Workers' Party (1882–1892) Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (1964–1972) Democratic Party of the Left (1991–1998) Democratic Left (2007–2010) Left Ecology Freedom (2010-2016)
Green	Rainbow Greens (1989–1990) Federation of Green Lists (1986–1990) Federation of the Greens (1990–2021)
Social-democratic and liberal-socialist	Italian Reformist Socialist Party (1912–1926) Unitary Socialist Party (1922–1930) Action Party (1929–1947) Labour Democratic Party (1943–1948) Union of Socialists (1948–1949) Unitary Socialist Party (1949–1951) Unified Socialist Party (1966–1969) Italian Socialist Party (1892–1994) Italian Democratic Socialist Party (1947–1998) Labour Federation (1994–1998) Democrats of the Left (1998–2007) Italian Democratic Socialists (1998–2007) Article One (2017–2023)
Radical and social-liberal	Action Party (1853–1867) Italian Radical Party (1904–1922) Democratic Party (1913–1919) Social Democracy (1922–1926) Republican Democratic Concentration (1946) Radical Party (1955–1989) Democratic Alliance (1993–1997) The Network (1991–1999)
Centrist and centrist liberal	Constitutional Democratic Party (1913–1919) Italian Democratic Liberal Party (1919–1926) Democratic Union for the Republic (1998–1999) Union for the Republic Italian Renewal (1996–2002) The Democrats (1999–2002) Segni Pact (1993–2003) Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (2002–2007) Civic Choice (2013–2019) Liberal Popular Alliance (2015–2018)
Regionalist and federalist	Movement for the Independence of Sicily (1943–1951) Federalists and Liberal Democrats (1994–1996) Federalist Italian League (1995–1996) Great South (2011–2013)
Christian-democratic	Italian Catholic Electoral Union (1906–1919) Conservative Catholics (1913–1919) Italian People's Party (1919–1926) Christian Democracy (1943–1994) Italian People's Party (1994–2002) Christian Democrats for the Republic (1998) Christian Democratic Centre (1994–2002) United Christian Democrats (1995–2002) European Democracy (2001–2002) Christian Democracy for Autonomies (2005–2009) Union of Democrats for Europe (1999–2013)
Conservative-liberal	Liberal Union (1913–1922) Italian Liberal Party (1922–1994) National Democratic Alliance (1953–1954) Union of the Centre
Liberal-conservative	Economic Party (1919–1924) Forza Italia (1994–2009) The People of Freedom (2009–2013) Future and Freedom (2010–2014) New Centre-Right (2013–2017) Conservatives and Reformists (2015–2017) Direction Italy (2017–2019) Cambiamo! (2019–2022)
National-conservative	Common Man's Front (1946–1949) Monarchist National Party (1946–1959) People's Monarchist Party (1954–1959) Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (1959–1972) National Democracy (1977–1979) National Alliance (1995–2009)
Nationalist	Italian Nationalist Association (1910–1923) Combatants' Party (1919–1923) National Fascist Party (1921–1943) Republican Fascist Party (1943–1945) Italian Social Movement (1946–1995)
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