Chakma script

Chakma
Changmha Ajhapat
𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴
Chakma; Changmha Ajhapat; 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟𑄳𑄦 𑄃𑄧𑄏𑄛𑄖𑄴
	The word 'Changmha Ajhapat' in Chakma script
Script type	Abugida
Direction	Left-to-right
Languages	Chakma language, Pali
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brahmi script Tamil-Brahmi Pallava script Mon–Burmese script Chakma; ; ; ; ; ; ;
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Cakm (349), Chakma
Unicode
Unicode alias	Chakma
Unicode range	U+11100–U+1114F
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Chakma Script (Ajhā pāṭh), also called Ajhā pāṭh, Ojhapath, Ojhopath, Aaojhapath, is an abugida used for the Chakma language, and recently for the Pali language.^[1]

History

The Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Chakma evolved from the Burmese script, which was ultimately derived from Pallava.^[3]^[4]^[5]Proto Chakma developed around the 6th century CE. Old Chakma developed in the 8th century CE. Classical Literary Chakma was used in the 11th to 15th centuries and the current Standard Chakma was developed and revived in the 20th century.^{[citation needed]}

The script, along with the Chakma language, has been introduced to non-government schools in Bangladesh, and as well as schools in Mizoram.^[7]

Structure

Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'ā' (a) as opposed to short 'a' (ɔ). Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.

Vowels

Four independent vowels exist: 𑄃 a, 𑄄 i, 𑄅 u, and 𑄆 e.

𑄃	𑄄	𑄅	𑄆
ā (aa)	i	u	e

Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to 𑄃 ā, as in 𑄃𑄩 ī, 𑄃𑄫 ū, 𑄃𑄭 ai, 𑄃𑄰 oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in 𑄃𑄨 i, 𑄃𑄪 u, and 𑄃𑄬 e.

Chakma vowel signs with the letter 𑄇 ka are given below:

𑄇	𑄇𑄧	𑄇𑄨	𑄇𑄩	𑄇𑄪	𑄇𑄫	𑄇𑄬	𑄇𑄮	𑄇𑄭	𑄇𑄯	𑄇𑄰	𑄇𑅆	𑄇𑄀	𑄇𑄁	𑄇𑄂	𑄇𑄴
kā	ka	ki	kī	ku	kū	ke	ko	kāi	kau	koi	kei	kaṃ	kaṃ	kaḥ	k

One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu 𑄀 (cānaphudā) can be used together with anusvara 𑄁 (ekaphudā) and visarga 𑄂 (dviphudā):

𑄃𑄂𑄀 aḥṃ = 𑄃 ā + 𑄂 h + 𑄀ṃ

𑄃𑄁𑄀 aṃṃ = 𑄃 ā + 𑄁 ṃ + 𑄀ṃ

𑄅𑄁𑄀 uṃṃ = 𑄅 u + 𑄁 ṃ + 𑄀ṃ

𑄟𑄪𑄀 muṃ = 𑄟 mā + 𑄪 u + 𑄀ṃ

Consonants

𑄇	𑄈	𑄉	𑄊	𑄋
kā	khā	gā	ghā	ṅā
𑄌	𑄍	𑄎	𑄏	𑄐
cā	chā	jā	jhā	ñā
𑄑	𑄒	𑄓	𑄔	𑄕
ṭā	ṭhā	ḍā	ḍhā	ṇā
𑄖	𑄗	𑄘	𑄙	𑄚
tā	thā	dā	dhā	nā
𑄛	𑄜	𑄝	𑄞	𑄟
pā	phā	bā	bhā	mā
𑄠	𑄡	𑄢	𑄣	𑄤	𑅇
yyā	yā	rā	lā	wā	vā
𑄥	𑄦	𑅄
sā	hā	ḷā

Vowel-killer

Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the maayyaa (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa:

𑄇𑄴 k = 𑄇 kā + 𑄴 MAAYYAA

Conjucts

In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book Cāṅmā pattham pāt which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters 𑄠 yā, 𑄢 rā, 𑄣 lā, 𑄤 wā, and 𑄚 nā. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts.

ya: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄠 yā

𑄇𑄳𑄠 𑄈𑄳𑄠 𑄉𑄳𑄠 𑄊𑄳𑄠 𑄋𑄳𑄠 - 𑄌𑄳𑄠 𑄍𑄳𑄠 𑄎𑄳𑄠 𑄏𑄳𑄠 𑄐𑄳𑄠 - 𑄑𑄳𑄠 𑄒𑄳𑄠 𑄓𑄳𑄠 𑄔𑄳𑄠 𑄕𑄳𑄠

𑄖𑄳𑄠 𑄗𑄳𑄠 𑄘𑄳𑄠 𑄙𑄳𑄠 𑄚𑄳𑄠 - 𑄛𑄳𑄠 𑄜𑄳𑄠 𑄝𑄳𑄠 𑄞𑄳𑄠 𑄟𑄳𑄠 - 𑄦𑄳𑄠 𑄠𑄳𑄠 𑄡𑄳𑄠 𑄢𑄳𑄠 𑄤𑄳𑄠 𑄥𑄳𑄠

ra: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄢 rā

𑄇𑄳𑄢 𑄈𑄳𑄢 𑄉𑄳𑄢 𑄊𑄳𑄢 𑄋𑄳𑄢 - 𑄌𑄳𑄢 𑄍𑄳𑄢 𑄎𑄳𑄢 𑄏𑄳𑄢 𑄐𑄳𑄢 - 𑄑𑄳𑄢 𑄒𑄳𑄢 𑄓𑄳𑄢 𑄔𑄳𑄢 𑄕𑄳𑄢

𑄖𑄳𑄢 𑄗𑄳𑄢 𑄘𑄳𑄢 𑄙𑄳𑄢 𑄚𑄳𑄢 - 𑄛𑄳𑄢 𑄜𑄳𑄢 𑄝𑄳𑄢 𑄞𑄳𑄢 𑄟𑄳𑄢 - 𑄦𑄳𑄢 𑄠𑄳𑄢 𑄡𑄳𑄢 𑄢𑄳𑄢 𑄤𑄳𑄢 𑄥𑄳𑄢

la: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄣 lā

𑄇𑄳𑄣 𑄈𑄳𑄣 𑄉𑄳𑄣 𑄊𑄳𑄣 𑄋𑄳𑄣 - 𑄌𑄳𑄣 𑄍𑄳𑄣 𑄎𑄳𑄣 𑄏𑄳𑄣 𑄐𑄳𑄣 - 𑄑𑄳𑄣 𑄒𑄳𑄣 𑄓𑄳𑄣 𑄔𑄳𑄣 𑄕𑄳𑄣

𑄖𑄳𑄣 𑄗𑄳𑄣 𑄘𑄳𑄣 𑄙𑄳𑄣 𑄚𑄳𑄣 - 𑄛𑄳𑄣 𑄜𑄳𑄣 𑄝𑄳𑄣 𑄞𑄳𑄣 𑄟𑄳𑄣 - 𑄦𑄳𑄣 𑄠𑄳𑄣 𑄡𑄳𑄣 𑄢𑄳𑄣 𑄥𑄳𑄣

wa: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄤 wā

𑄇𑄳𑄤 𑄈𑄳𑄤 𑄉𑄳𑄤 𑄊𑄳𑄤 𑄋𑄳𑄤 - 𑄌𑄳𑄤 𑄍𑄳𑄤 𑄎𑄳𑄤 𑄏𑄳𑄤 𑄐𑄳𑄤 - 𑄑𑄳𑄤 𑄒𑄳𑄤 𑄓𑄳𑄤 𑄔𑄳𑄤 𑄕𑄳𑄤

𑄖𑄳𑄤 𑄗𑄳𑄤 𑄘𑄳𑄤 𑄙𑄳𑄤 𑄚𑄳𑄤 - 𑄛𑄳𑄤 𑄜𑄳𑄤 𑄝𑄳𑄤 𑄞𑄳𑄤 𑄟𑄳𑄤 - 𑄦𑄳𑄤 𑄠𑄳𑄤 𑄡𑄳𑄤 𑄢𑄳𑄤 𑄥𑄳𑄤

No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yā or -rā appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.

na: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄚 nā

𑄇𑄳𑄚 𑄈𑄳𑄚 𑄉𑄳𑄚 𑄊𑄳𑄚 𑄋𑄳𑄚 - 𑄌𑄳𑄚 𑄍𑄳𑄚 𑄎𑄳𑄚 𑄏𑄳𑄚 𑄐𑄳𑄚 - 𑄑𑄳𑄚 𑄒𑄳𑄚 𑄓𑄳𑄚 𑄔𑄳𑄚 𑄕𑄳𑄚

𑄖𑄳𑄚 𑄗𑄳𑄚 𑄘𑄳𑄚 𑄙𑄳𑄚 𑄚𑄳𑄚 - 𑄛𑄳𑄚 𑄜𑄳𑄚 𑄝𑄳𑄚 𑄞𑄳𑄚 𑄟𑄳𑄚 - 𑄦𑄳𑄚 𑄠𑄳𑄚 𑄡𑄳𑄚 𑄢𑄳𑄚 𑄥𑄳𑄚

While some writers would indeed write kakna (in ligating style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚 or (in subjoining style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚, most now would probably expect it to be written as 𑄇𑄇𑄴𑄚. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter 𑄟 mā as the second element, while the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.

The 2004 book Phadagaṅ shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with 𑄝 bā, 𑄟 mā, and 𑄦 hā. These are all formed by simple subjoining.

ba: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄝 nā

𑄇𑄳𑄝 𑄈𑄳𑄝 𑄉𑄳𑄝 𑄊𑄳𑄝 𑄋𑄳𑄝 - 𑄌𑄳𑄝 𑄍𑄳𑄝 𑄎𑄳𑄝 𑄏𑄳𑄝 𑄐𑄳𑄌 - 𑄑𑄳𑄝 𑄒𑄳𑄝 𑄓𑄳𑄝 𑄔𑄳𑄚 𑄕𑄳𑄝

𑄖𑄳𑄝 𑄗𑄳𑄝 𑄘𑄳𑄝 𑄙𑄳𑄝 𑄚𑄳𑄚 - 𑄛𑄳𑄝 𑄜𑄳𑄝 𑄝𑄳𑄝 𑄞𑄳𑄝 𑄟𑄳𑄝 - 𑄠𑄳𑄝 𑄡𑄳𑄝 𑄢𑄳𑄝 𑄣𑄳𑄝 𑄤𑄳𑄝 𑄥𑄳𑄝

ma: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 nā

𑄇𑄳𑄟 𑄈𑄳𑄟 𑄉𑄳𑄟 𑄊𑄳𑄟 𑄋𑄳𑄟 - 𑄌𑄳𑄟 𑄍𑄳𑄟 𑄎𑄳𑄟 𑄏𑄳𑄟 𑄐𑄳𑄟 - 𑄑𑄳𑄟 𑄒𑄳𑄟 𑄓𑄳𑄟 𑄔𑄳𑄟 𑄕𑄳𑄟

𑄖𑄳𑄟 𑄗𑄳𑄟 𑄘𑄳𑄟 𑄙𑄳𑄟 𑄚𑄳𑄟 - 𑄛𑄳𑄟 𑄜𑄳𑄟 𑄝𑄳𑄟 𑄞𑄳𑄟 𑄟𑄳𑄟 - 𑄠𑄳𑄟 𑄡𑄳𑄟 𑄢𑄳𑄟 𑄣𑄳𑄟 𑄤𑄳𑄟 𑄥𑄳𑄟

ha: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄦 nā

𑄇𑄳𑄦 𑄈𑄳𑄦 𑄉𑄳𑄦 𑄊𑄳𑄦 𑄋𑄳𑄦 - 𑄌𑄳𑄦 𑄍𑄳𑄦 𑄎𑄳𑄦 𑄏𑄳𑄦 𑄐𑄳𑄦 - 𑄑𑄳𑄦 𑄒𑄳𑄦 𑄓𑄳𑄦 𑄔𑄳𑄦 𑄕𑄳𑄦

𑄖𑄳𑄦 𑄗𑄳𑄦 𑄘𑄳𑄦 𑄙𑄳𑄦 𑄚𑄳𑄦 - 𑄛𑄳𑄦 𑄜𑄳𑄦 𑄝𑄳𑄦 𑄞𑄳𑄦 𑄟𑄳𑄦 - 𑄠𑄳𑄦 𑄡𑄳𑄦 𑄢𑄳𑄦 𑄣𑄳𑄦 𑄤𑄳𑄦 𑄥𑄳𑄦

In the 1982 book Cāṅmār āg pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:

𑄇𑄳𑄇 kkā = 𑄇 kā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄇 kā

𑄇𑄳𑄑 kṭā = 𑄇 kā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄑 ṭā

𑄇𑄳𑄖 ktā = 𑄇 kā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄖 tā

𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā = 𑄇 kā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā

𑄇𑄳𑄌 kcā = 𑄇 kā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄌 cā

𑄋𑄳𑄇 ṅkā = 𑄋 ṅā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄇 kā

𑄋𑄳𑄉 ṅkā = 𑄋 ṅā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄉 gā

𑄌𑄳𑄌 ccā = 𑄌 cā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄌 cā

𑄌𑄳𑄍 cchā = 𑄌 cā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄍 chā

𑄐𑄳𑄌 ñcā = 𑄐 ñā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄌 cā

𑄐𑄳𑄎 ñjā = 𑄐 ñā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄎 jā

𑄐𑄳𑄏 ñjhā = 𑄐 ñā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄏 jhā

𑄑𑄳𑄑 ṭṭā = 𑄑 ṭā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄑 ṭā

𑄖𑄳𑄖 ttā = 𑄖 tā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄖 tā

𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā = 𑄖 tā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā

𑄖𑄳𑄗 tthā = 𑄖 tā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄗 thā

𑄘𑄳𑄘 ddā = 𑄘 dā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄘 dā

𑄘𑄳𑄙 ddhā = 𑄘 dā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄙 dhā

𑄚𑄳𑄖 ntā = 𑄚 nā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄖 tā

𑄚𑄳𑄗 nthā = 𑄚 nā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄗 thā

𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā = 𑄚 nā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā

𑄛𑄳𑄛 ppā = 𑄛 pā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄛 pā

𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā = 𑄝 bā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄝 bā

𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā = 𑄟 mā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā

𑄎𑄳𑄎 jjā = 𑄎 jā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄎 jā

𑄣𑄳𑄇 lkā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄇 kā

𑄣𑄳𑄉 lgā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄉 gā

𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄣 lā

𑄣𑄳𑄑 lṭā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄑 ṭā

𑄣𑄳𑄛 lpā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄛 pā

𑄣𑄳𑄍 lchā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄍 chā

𑄥𑄳𑄑 sṭā = 𑄥 sā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄑 ṭā

𑄥𑄳𑄇 skā = 𑄥 sā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄇 kā

𑄥𑄳𑄛 spā = 𑄥 sā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄛 pā

𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā = 𑄥 sā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā

𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā = 𑄦 hā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 hmā

Letter names and punctuation

Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single (𑅁) and double (𑅂) danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark (𑅃), and a section sign, Phulacihna. There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna (𑅀), some looking like flowers or leaves.

Numerals

The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals, although Bengali numerals are also used.

𑄶	𑄷	𑄸	𑄹	𑄺	𑄻	𑄼	𑄽	𑄾	𑄿
0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Unicode

Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6.1.^[8]

The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100–U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:

Chakma^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1110x	𑄀	𑄁	𑄂	𑄃	𑄄	𑄅	𑄆	𑄇	𑄈	𑄉	𑄊	𑄋	𑄌	𑄍	𑄎	𑄏
U+1111x	𑄐	𑄑	𑄒	𑄓	𑄔	𑄕	𑄖	𑄗	𑄘	𑄙	𑄚	𑄛	𑄜	𑄝	𑄞	𑄟
U+1112x	𑄠	𑄡	𑄢	𑄣	𑄤	𑄥	𑄦	𑄧	𑄨	𑄩	𑄪	𑄫	𑄬	𑄭	𑄮	𑄯
U+1113x	𑄰	𑄱	𑄲	𑄳	𑄴		𑄶	𑄷	𑄸	𑄹	𑄺	𑄻	𑄼	𑄽	𑄾	𑄿
U+1114x	𑅀	𑅁	𑅂	𑅃	𑅄	𑅅	𑅆	𑅇
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Educational Institutions

The Chakma language is being taught in many Government and private schools in India (Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the Govt. of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali Script and since 2013 through Chakma script (also known as Ajhā Pāṭh). Presently,^[when?] the Chakma language is being taught in 87 schools.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Scheuren, Zachary (22 April 2019). "Proposal to encode CHAKMA LETTER VAA for Pali" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2019.
^ Joshi, R. Malatesha; McBride, Catherine, eds. (2019). Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. Literacy Studies. Vol. 17. p. 28. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4. ISBN 978-3-030-05976-7.
^ ^a ^b Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178357584.
^ ^a ^b Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Löffler, Lorenz G. (11 November 2013). Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. Birkhäuser. ISBN 9783034856942.
^ ^a ^b Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (28 July 2009). "Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS" (PDF).
^ "Chakma". The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1 (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2023.
^ Brandt, Carmen (2014). "Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia". In Cardoso, Hugo C. (ed.). Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 86. hdl:10125/4602. ISBN 9780985621148.
^ "Unicode 6.1.0". The Unicode Consortium. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
^ "Chakma Language". The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages. Government of Tripura, India.

External links

RibengUni (First Chakma Unicode Font)
Chakma Script Archived 2020-01-15 at the Wayback Machine
Chakma Bangla Blog
Chakma Prototype Keyboard
Chakma Unicode Converter
Available Chakma Unicode Fonts
Chakma Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX
Chakma Open Dictionary
"Chakma alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
"Tribal Languages - Banglapedia". Banglapedia. Retrieved 1 September 2018.

[Scheuren-1] Scheuren, Zachary (22 April 2019). "Proposal to encode CHAKMA LETTER VAA for Pali" (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2019.

[2] Joshi, R. Malatesha; McBride, Catherine, eds. (2019). Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography. Literacy Studies. Vol. 17. p. 28. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05977-4. ISBN 978-3-030-05976-7.

[Talukdar-3] Talukdar, S. P. (2010). Genesis of Indigenous Chakma Buddhists and Their Pulverization Worldwide. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788178357584.

[BraunsLöffler-4] Brauns, Claus-Dieter; Löffler, Lorenz G. (11 November 2013). Mru: Hill People on the Border of Bangladesh. Birkhäuser. ISBN 9783034856942.

[EversonHosken-5] Everson, Michael; Hosken, Martin (28 July 2009). "Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS" (PDF).

[6] "Chakma". The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1 (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2023.

[7] Brandt, Carmen (2014). "Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in South Asia". In Cardoso, Hugo C. (ed.). Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 86. hdl:10125/4602. ISBN 9780985621148.

[8] "Unicode 6.1.0". The Unicode Consortium. 31 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

[9] "Chakma Language". The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages. Government of Tripura, India.

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