ithid

Irish

ithid

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ithid	n-ithid	hithid	not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

ithid (verbal noun ithe)

to eat
- c. 1000, anonymous author, edited by Rudolf Thurneysen, Scéla Mucca Meic Dathó, Dublin: Stationery Office, published 1935, § 1, page 2, line 14:
  In fer no·t⟨h⟩ēged iarsint ṡligi do·bered in n-aēl isin coiri, ocus a·taibred din chētgabāil, iss ed no·ithed.
  Each man who came along the passage would put the flesh-fork into the cauldron, and whatever he got at the first taking, it was that which he ate. (literally, “The man who…”)

Middle Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ithid	unchanged	n-ithid
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

A suppletive verb.

All forms except for the present, imperfect, and the verbal noun are from forms of Proto-Celtic *essi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-.
- The perfect forms are from dí- +‎ fo- + Proto-Celtic *āde (preterite of *essi), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁e-h₁od-e.
- The subjunctive forms are from Proto-Celtic *esseti, s-subjunctive of *essi.
- The future forms are from Proto-Celtic *īsseti, reduplicated s-future of *essi, with *ī from Proto-Indo-European *h₁i-h₁e-. The future is inflected like an a-subjunctive, not like a regular s-future.
The verbal noun is from Proto-Celtic *ɸityā, derived from Proto-Indo-European *peyt- (“to nourish, feed”). Cognate with Old Church Slavonic питѣти (pitěti, “nourish”) and Sanskrit पितु (pitú, “food”). ith (“grain”) is from this same root.
The present and imperfect stems ith- and eth- are back-formed from the verbal noun.

ithid (verbal noun ithe)

to eat
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 102^a15
  Itius anúas ⁊ dus·claid anís; air ní foircnea in fíni hithe neich di anúas, amal du·ngní int aīs sechmaill as·mbeir-som .i. air is cuit adaill ad·n-ellat-sidi in fíni du thabairt neich doib dia thorud.
  They eat it from above and he roots it up from below; for it does not exterminate the vine to eat of anything of it from above, as do the passers-by whom he speaks of, i.e. for it is only a passing visit that they make [lit: ‘that they visit’] to the vine to take something for themselves of its fruit.

Simple, class B I present, reduplicated preterite, s future, s subjunctive

		1st sg.	2nd sg.	3rd sg.	1st pl.	3rd pl.	Passive sg.
Present indicative	Abs.	ithim		ithid		ithit, ethait; itius (with suffixed pronoun -us)	ethair
	Conj.					·ethat
	Rel.			ithes

Imperfect indicative				·ithed, ·ethad		·ittis, ·ithitis

Preterite	Abs.
	Conj.
	Rel.

Perfect	Deut.			do·fúaid
Perfect	Prot.			·dóid, ·dúaid			·dóes

Future	Abs.			íssaid
	Conj.	·íss	·íssae			·íssat
	Rel.					ístae

Conditional		·íssainn		·íssad		·ístais

Present subjunctive	Abs.	do·essur (perfective)		estir; do·estar (perfective)
	Conj.	·essur; ·dóesur (perfective)		·estar	·essamar; ·dessamar (perfective)	·essatar
	Rel.

Past subjunctive			·esta	·essad		·estais

Imperative			ith	ithed	etham	ethat

Verbal noun		ithe
Past participle		eisib (dative plural)
Verbal of necessity

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ithid (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-ithid
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.