桑

Translingual

Han character

桑 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水水水木 (EEED), four-corner 1790₄, composition ⿱叒木)

Derived characters

嗓, 𪤌, 𡠏, 搡, 𪶽, 𨻗, 𣉕, 𦟄, 槡, 𤌧, 𪼏, 磉, 縔, 𧏠, 褬, 𬧉, 䡦(𬨑), 𨢆, 鎟, 䮣, 𩺞, 𪳫, 㯩, 顙(颡), 𦶿, 𩮧

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 526, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14772
Dae Jaweon: page 914, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1209, character 3
Unihan data for U+6851

Chinese

trad.		桑
simp. ^#		桑
2nd round simp.		𰗑
alternative forms		槡𣕐桒𠭨𠭌

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 桑
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (桑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
桒	*sŋaːŋ
桑	*sŋaːŋ
磉	*sŋaːŋʔ
顙	*sŋaːŋʔ
嗓	*sŋaːŋʔ
搡	*sŋaːŋʔ

Pictogram (象形) of a mulberry tree. What were the shape of the tree's foliage is now 叒

Etymology 1

Unknown (Schuessler (2007)).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): sāng (sang¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sang¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): song¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): lhong¹ / lhong^1-4
Gan (Wiktionary): song¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sông

(Meixian, Guangdong): song¹
Jin (Wiktionary): son¹
Northern Min (KCR): só̤ng
Eastern Min (BUC): sŏng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): sng / song

(Teochew, Peng'im): seng¹

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): suang¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹saon
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): san¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sang
  - Wade–Giles: sang¹
  - Yale: sāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
  - Palladius: сан (san)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: sang¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: song¹
  - Yale: sōng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: song¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: song¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lhong¹ / lhong^1-4
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬɔŋ³³/, /ɬɔŋ³³⁻²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: song¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
  - Hakka Romanization System: song^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: song¹
  - Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: song¹
  - Sinological IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: son¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /souŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng / song
  - Tâi-lô: sng / song
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sngf, sofng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sŋ̍³³/, /sɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /sɔŋ⁴⁴/

Note:

sng - vernacular;
song - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: seng¹
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ³³/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: suang¹
- Sinological IPA: /suaŋ³⁵/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹saon
  - MiniDict: saon^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹saan
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: san¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /san³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 桑
Mandarin	Beijing	/sɑŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/saŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/sɑŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/saŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/saŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/saŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/saŋ²¹/
	Xining	/sɔ̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/sɑŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/sɑ̃³¹/
	Ürümqi	/sɑŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/sã̠⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/saŋ³¹/
	Hefei	/sɑ̃²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/sɒ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/sɑŋ¹³/ /ɕyə¹³/
	Hohhot	/sɑ̃³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/sɑ̃⁵³/
	Suzhou	/sɑ̃⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/sɑŋ³³/
	Wenzhou	/suɔ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/so³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/sau¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/san³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/sɔn³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/soŋ⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/soŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sɔŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/ɬɔŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/sɔŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/sɔŋ⁵⁵/ /sŋ̍⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/souŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/sɔŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/sɯŋ³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/saŋ²³/

Middle Chinese: sang

Rime
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	息郎切
Baxter	sang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋ/
Li Rong	/sɑŋ/
Wang Li	/sɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	song¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤaŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*sŋaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sāng
Middle Chinese	‹ sang ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁaŋ/
English	mulberry tree
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
No.	10980
Phonetic component	桑
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	桑
Old Chinese	/*sŋaːŋ/

Definitions

桑

mulberry tree
a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 桑樹 (“mulberry tree”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		桑樹, 桑
Taxonomic name		桑
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	桑樹
	Taiwan	桑樹
	Harbin	桑樹
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	桑樹
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	桑樹
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	桑樹
	Xi'an	桑樹
	Xining	桑樹
	Xuzhou	蠶桑, 桑樹
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	桑樹
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	桑杏兒樹
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	桑樹
	Lanzhou	桑樹
	Ürümqi	桑樹
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	桑葉樹, 桑樹
	Wuhan	桑樹
	Guiyang	桑樹
	Guilin	桑樹
	Liuzhou	桑樹
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	桑樹
	Yangzhou	桑樹
	Huanggang	桑樹
Cantonese	Guangzhou	桑樹
	Hong Kong	桑樹
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	桑
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	桑樹
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	桑仔樹
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	桑仔樹
	Macau	桑樹
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	桑樹
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	桑樹
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	桑樹
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	桑樹
	Foshan	桑樹
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	桑樹
	Foshan (Shunde)	桑樹
	Foshan (Sanshui)	桑樹
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	桑
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	桑樹
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	蠶蟲樹
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	桑樹
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	桑樹
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	桑樹
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	桑樹
	Taishan	桑樹
	Kaiping (Chikan)	桑樹
	Enping (Niujiang)	桑
	Heshan (Yayao)	桑
	Dongguan	桑樹
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	桑樹
	Qingyuan	桑樹
	Fogang	桑樹
	Yingde (Hanguang)	桑樹
	Yangshan	桑
	Lianshan (Butian)	桑樹
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	桑樹
	Shaoguan	桑樹
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	桑樹
	Renhua	蠶樹
	Lechang	蠶樹
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	桑樹
	Sihui	桑樹
	Guangning	桑樹
	Deqing	桑樹
	Huaiji	桑
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	桑樹
	Yunfu	桑樹
	Xinxing	桑樹
	Luoding	桑樹
	Yunan (Pingtai)	桑樹
	Yangjiang	桑樹
	Xinyi	桑樹
	Lianjiang	桑樹, 蠶桑
	Nanning	桑樹
	Wuzhou	桑樹
	Yulin	蠶木
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	蠶樹
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	桑樹
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	桑樹
Gan	Nanchang	桑樹
	Lichuan	桑樹
	Pingxiang	桑樹
Hakka	Meixian	桑仔樹
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	桑樹
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	桑樹
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	桑樹
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	桑
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	桑樹
	Yudu	蠶子樹, 蠶樹
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	桑仔樹
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	桑仔樹
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	桑仔樹
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	桑垂樹
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	桑仔樹, 蠶樹
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	桑樹
	Hong Kong	桑仔樹
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	桑木
	Senai (Huiyang)	桑樹
Huizhou	Jixi	桑葉樹, 桑樹
Huizhou	Huangshan (Tunxi)	桑樹, 蠶兒樹
Jin	Taiyuan	桑樹
	Pingyao	桑葚樹
	Xinzhou	桑錢樹, 桑樹
	Hohhot	桑樹
Northern Min	Jian'ou	蠶仔樹
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	蠶繭樹, 蠶繭箬樹, 桑樹
	Fuzhou (Changle)	蠶囝樹
	Fuqing	桑囝樹
	Yongtai	蠶囝樹
	Gutian	桑樹
	Fu'an	桑樹
	Ningde	桑樹
	Shouning	桑柴
	Zhouning	桑柴
	Fuding	桑柴
	Matsu	蠶囝樹, 蟲樹
Southern Min	Xiamen	娘仔樹
	Zhangzhou	蠶垂, 蠶箬
	Pinghe	蠶仔樹
	Taipei	桑材仔
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	娘仔樹
	Kaohsiung	桑材
	Yilan	娘仔樹
	Changhua (Lukang)	桑材樹
	Taichung	桑垂樹
	Tainan	鹽桑仔叢
	Hsinchu	桑材
	Kinmen	桑材
	Penghu (Magong)	桑垂
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	桑樹
	Jieyang	桑垂樹
	Bangkok (Teochew)	桑樹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	桑樹
	Leizhou	桑
	Haikou	蠶樹
Central Min	Yong'an	蠶仔樹
Central Min	Sanming (Sanyuan)	蠶仔樹
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	桑樹
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	桑樹, 桑子樹
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	桑根, 桑樹
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	桑樹
Wu	Shanghai	桑樹
	Shanghai (Chongming)	蠶葉樹
	Suzhou	桑樹
	Danyang	桑樹
	Hangzhou	桑樹
	Ningbo	桑樹
	Wenzhou	桑樹
	Jinhua	桑葉樹
Xiang	Changsha	桑葉樹
	Loudi	桑葉樹
	Quanzhou	桑葉樹, 桑樹

Compounds

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Japanese さん (-san). Compare Min Nan 卡桑 (khà-sàng), 多桑 (tò-sàng), 歐巴桑／欧巴桑 (o͘-bá-sáng), and 歐吉桑／欧吉桑 (o͘-jí-sáng).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): sāng (sang¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sang
  - Wade–Giles: sang¹
  - Yale: sāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
  - Palladius: сан (san)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵/

Definitions

桑

(Mandarin, ACG, Internet slang) -san

Synonyms

生 (shēng)

Related terms

醬／酱 (jiàng, “-chan”), 炭 (tàn, “-tan”), 君 (jūn, “-kun”), 樣／样 (yàng, “-sama”)

References

“桑”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

桑

Kanji

桑

(Jōyō kanji)

mulberry

Readings

Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
Kun: くわ (kuwa, 桑, Jōyō)^{←くは (kufa, 桑, historical)}
Nanori: こ (ko)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
桑
くわ Grade: S
kun'yomi

/kupa/ → /kuɸa/ → /kuwa/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.^[1] From Proto-Japonic *kupa.

Ultimate derivation unclear. Definitely not related to Korean 뽕 (ppong, “mulberry tree”) or 오디 (odi, “mulberry fruit”), nor to Ainu テㇱマニ (tesmani, “mulberry tree”) or ツレㇷ゚ニ (turepni, “mulberry tree”).

Some theories suggest this might have originally been a compound. Possible derivations may include:

A shift from 蚕葉 (kopa, “silkworm + leaf”)
A shift from 胡葉 (kopa, “non-Chinese people to the west of China + leaf”), possibly referencing the origin of some mulberry species in central Asia
A contraction of 食ふ葉 (kupu pa, “eat + leaf”), where kupu is the ancient reading of modern 食う (kuu)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くわ [kúꜜwà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟β̞a̠]

Noun

桑(くわ) or 桑(クワ) • (kuwa) ^{←くは (kufa) or クハ (kufa)^?}

mulberry

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as クワ.

This term can refer to the fruit or the tree. For greater specificity, the following may be used:

桑(くわ)の木(き) (kuwa no ki): mulberry tree
桑(くわ)の実(み) (kuwa no mi): mulberry fruit

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
桑
そう Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 桑 (MC sang).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [so̞ː]

Affix

桑(そう) • (sō) ^{←さう (sau)^?}

mulberry
(US) Short for 桑港 (“San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).

References

^ “桑”, in 日本国語大辞典‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 桑 (MC sang).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	사ᇰ (Yale: sàng)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[3]	ᄲᅩᇰ나모 (Yale: spwòng-nàmwò)	사ᇰ (Yale: sàng)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰa̠ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [상]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

桑

Wikisource

桑 (eumhun 뽕나무 상 (ppongnamu sang))

hanja form^? of 상 (“mulberry tree”) [affix]

Compounds

궁간상 (弓幹桑, gunggansang)
농상 (農桑, nongsang)
부상 (扶桑, Busang)
산상 (山桑, sansang)
상과 (桑果, sanggwa)
상근 (桑根, sanggeun)
상년 (桑年, sangnyeon)
상목 (桑木, sangmok)
상문 (桑門, sangmun)
상부 (桑婦, sangbu)
상실 (桑實, sangsil)
상야 (桑野, sang'ya)
상엽 (桑葉, sang'yeop)
상전 (桑田, sangjeon)
상전벽해 (桑田碧海, sangjeonbyeokhae)
상중 (桑中, sangjung)
상천우 (桑天牛, sangcheonu)
상호 (桑戶, sangho)
상호 (桑弧, sangho)
상호 (桑扈, sangho)
잠상 (蠶桑, jamsang)

Vietnamese

Han character

桑: Hán Nôm readings: tang, dâu

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] “桑”, in 日本国語大辞典‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]