是故

Chinese

		be; yes; this	happening; instance; reason happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old
simp. and trad. (是故)		是	故

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shìgù

(Zhuyin): ㄕˋ ㄍㄨˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): si⁶ gu³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shìgù
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˋ ㄍㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shìhgù
  - Wade–Giles: shih⁴-ku⁴
  - Yale: shr̀-gù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyhguh
  - Palladius: шигу (šigu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ku⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    世故
    事故
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: si⁶ gu³
  - Yale: sih gu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: si⁶ gu³
  - Guangdong Romanization: xi⁶ gu³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siː²² kuː³³/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    是故
    事故

Middle Chinese: dzyeX kuH

Rime
Character	是	故
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	支 (11)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	承紙切	古暮切
Baxter	dzyeX	kuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇ^X/	/kuo^H/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛ^X/	/kuo^H/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjɛ^X/	/ko^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑiə̆^X/	/kɔ^H/
Li Rong	/ʑie^X/	/ko^H/
Wang Li	/ʑǐe^X/	/ku^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑie̯^X/	/kuo^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shì	gù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	si⁶	gu³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]eʔ kˤa(ʔ)-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*djeʔ kaːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	是	故
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shì	gù
Middle Chinese	‹ dzye^X ›	‹ ku^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]eʔ/	/*kˁa(ʔ)-s/
English	this	fact; reason
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	是	故
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11645	4228
Phonetic component	是	古
Rime group	支	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	是	顧
Old Chinese	/*djeʔ/	/*kaːs/
Notes	金文從早從止，馬敘倫謂正加射的。按象對準目標行進，表所行正確

Conjunction

是故

(literary) because of this; thus; consequently
- 曰：「夫子何哂由也？」曰：「為國以禮，其言不讓，是故哂之。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  曰：「夫子何哂由也？」曰：「为国以礼，其言不让，是故哂之。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Yuē: “Fūzǐ hé shěn Yóu yě?” Yuē: “Wéi guó yǐ lǐ, qí yán bù ràng, shìgù shěn zhī.” [Pinyin]
  Xi pursued, "Master, why did you smile at You?" He was answered, "The management of a state demands the rules of propriety. His words were not humble; therefore I smiled at him."
- 孫子曰：凡用兵之法，全國為上，破國次之；全旅為上，破旅次之；全卒為上，破卒次之；全伍為上，破伍次之。是故百戰百勝，非善之善者也；不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  孙子曰：凡用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。是故百战百胜，非善之善者也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Art of War, circa 5^th century BCE, translated based on Lionel Giles's version
  Sūnzǐ yuē: fán yòngbīng zhī fǎ, quán guó wèi shàng, pò guó cì zhī; quán lǚ wèi shàng, pò lǚ cì zhī; quán zú wèi shàng, pò zú cì zhī; quán wǔ wèi shàng, pò wǔ cì zhī. Shìgù bǎizhànbǎishèng, fēi shàn zhī shàn zhě yě; bùzhàn'érqūrénzhībīng, shàn zhī shàn zhě yě. [Pinyin]
  Sunzi said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.

Synonyms

edit

乃末 (Shanghainese)
以故 (yǐgù) (Classical Chinese)
以是 (yǐshì) (Classical Chinese)
因此 (yīncǐ)
因而 (yīn'ér)
從而／从而 (cóng'ér)
所以
故 (gù) (literary)
故此 (gùcǐ)
故而 (gù'ér)
於是／于是 (yúshì)
於是乎／于是乎 (yúshìhū) (literary)
是以 (shìyǐ) (literary)
此以 (cǐyǐ) (literary)
為此／为此 (wèicǐ)