昏

See also: 𠯑, and 昬

昏 U+660F, 昏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-660F ← 明 [U+660E] CJK Unified Ideographs 昐 → [U+6610]

Translingual

Han character

昏 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹心日 (HPA), four-corner 7260₄, composition ⿱氏日)

Derived characters

• 𠉣, 㖧, 婚, 崏, 𰐲, 惛, 捪, 涽, 𰡙, 𣇲, 棔, 殙, 焝, 𤘏, 琘, 䄑, 𬛆, 睧, 碈, 𥟴, 𣨯, 緍(𦈏), 䎽, 𧍎, 諙, 𮛨, 𨌲, 錉, 𪑕
• 𡝪, 𢽹, 𣣏, 𬁀, 𣉈, 𦖞, 𬁌, 𭤉, 𨿹, 䫒, 𣋯, 𪂆(𪉎), 𧓢, 𡨩, 𮦘, 痻, 閽(阍), 𦟕, 𬀠

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 491, character 14
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13806
• Dae Jaweon: page 854, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1492, character 3
• Unihan data for U+660F

Chinese

simp. and trad.		昏
alternative forms		昬 𣄾 𣄼

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 昏
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (昏) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
鍲	*mrɯn
抿	*mrɯn, *mrɯn, *mrɯnʔ
緡	*mrɯn
捪	*mrɯnʔ
湣	*mrɯnʔ
昏	*hmɯːn
婚	*hmɯːn
閽	*hmɯːn
惛	*hmɯːn, *hmɯːnʔ, *hmɯːns
棔	*hmɯːn
殙	*hmɯːn

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 氏 + 日 (“sun”), or abbreviated 氐 + 日 (“sun”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mun (“dark”). Cognate with 悶 (OC *mɯːns, “bored; depressed”), Tibetan མུན་པ (mun pa, “darkness”), Burmese မှုန် (hmun, “dim; gloomy”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): hūn (hun¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hun¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fan¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): fûn

  (Meixian, Guangdong): fun¹

• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): hong¹ / huong¹ / hue¹ / huiⁿ¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hun / hng / huiⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hung¹ / hng¹ / hên¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹huen

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hūn
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hun
    • Wade–Giles: hun¹
    • Yale: hwūn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huen
    • Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: hun¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xun
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuən⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: fan¹
    • Yale: fān
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fan¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: fen¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɐn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fûn
    • Hakka Romanization System: fun^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fun¹
    • Sinological IPA: /fun²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: fun¹
    • Sinological IPA: /fun⁴⁴/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hong¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: heong
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔŋ⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: huong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huoŋ⁵³³/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: hue¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huei⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: huiⁿ¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hũĩ⁵³³/

Note:

• hong1/huong1 - literary;
• hue1/huiⁿ1 - vernacular.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hun
    • Tâi-lô: hun
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hwn
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hun⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hun³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hng
    • Tâi-lô: hng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hngf
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /hŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hŋ̍³³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: huiⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: huinn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hvuy
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /huĩ⁴⁴/

Note:

• hun - literary;
• hng/huiⁿ - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: hung¹ / hng¹ / hên¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hung / hng / heⁿ
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huŋ³³/, /hŋ³³/, /hẽ³³/

Note:

• hung1 - literary;
• hng1/hên1 - vernacular.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹huen
    • MiniDict: huen^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹hun
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /huən⁵³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 昏
Mandarin	Beijing	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/xuən⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/xuən²¹/
	Jinan	/xuẽ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/xuə̃²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/xuən²⁴/
	Xi'an	/xuẽ²¹/
	Xining	/xuə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xuŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/xũn³¹/
	Ürümqi	/xuŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/xuen⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/xuə̃/
	Nanjing	/xun³¹/
	Hefei	/xuən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xuəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/xuŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/xũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/huəŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/huən⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/hun³³/
	Wenzhou	/ɕy³³/
Hui	Shexian	/xuʌ̃³¹/
	Tunxi	/xuɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/fən³³/
	Xiangtan	/ɸən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/fɨn⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/fun⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/fun²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fɐn⁵³/
	Nanning	/wɐn⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/fɐn⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hun⁵⁵/ /hŋ̍⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/huŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xɔŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/huŋ³³/ /hŋ̍³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hun²³/ /hui²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: xwon

Rime
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	呼昆切
Baxter	xwon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/huən/
Pan Wuyun	/huon/
Shao Rongfen	/xuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwən/
Li Rong	/xuən/
Wang Li	/xuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/xuən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hūn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fan1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤu[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hmɯːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hūn
Middle Chinese	‹ xwon ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁu[n]/
English	dusk, dark
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
No.	5529
Phonetic component	昏
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	昏
Old Chinese	/*hmɯːn/

Definitions

昏

1. dusk; nightfall; twilight; dark
2. confused; dizzy; dazed; muddled
3. to faint; to lose consciousness
4. Alternative form of 婚 (hūn, “to marry”)

Compounds

• 人約黃昏／人约黄昏
• 兩目昏花／两目昏花
• 利令智昏 (lìlìngzhìhūn)
• 合昏
• 嚇昏／吓昏
• 大昏
• 夭昏
• 天昏地慘／天昏地惨
• 天昏地暗 (tiānhūndì'àn)
• 天昏地黑
• 定昏
• 悶昏昏／闷昏昏
• 慾令智昏／欲令智昏 (yùlìngzhìhūn)
• 昏主
• 昏亂／昏乱 (hūnluàn)
• 昏倒 (hūndǎo)
• 昏厥 (hūnjué)
• 昏君 (hūnjūn)
• 昏困
• 昏天暗地
• 昏天黑地
• 昏定晨省
• 昏庸 (hūnyōng)
• 昏慘慘／昏惨惨
• 昏憊／昏惫
• 昏撒
• 昏昏
• 昏昃
• 昏昕
• 昏明
• 昏昏欲睡 (hūnhūnyùshuì)
• 昏昏沉沉
• 昏昧
• 昏星
• 昏暗 (hūn'àn)
• 昏暝
• 昏暴
• 昏曉／昏晓
• 昏椓
• 昏沉 (hūnchén)
• 昏盆打醬／昏盆打酱
• 昏眊
• 昏眩 (hūnxuàn)
• 昏瞀
• 昏睡 (hūnshuì)
• 昏睡病 (hūnshuìbìng)
• 昏瞶／昏瞆
• 昏第
• 昏聵／昏聩 (hūnkuì)
• 昏花 (hūnhuā)
• 昏華／昏华
• 昏迷 (hūnmí)
• 昏逆
• 昏迷不醒
• 昏邁／昏迈
• 昏鄧鄧／昏邓邓
• 昏鈔／昏钞
• 昏鏡重明／昏镜重明
• 昏鏡重磨／昏镜重磨
• 昏頭／昏头
• 昏頭搭腦／昏头搭脑
• 昏頭昏腦／昏头昏脑 (hūntóuhūnnǎo)
• 昏頭暈腦／昏头晕脑
• 昏頭轉向／昏头转向
• 昏黃／昏黄 (hūnhuáng)
• 昏黑 (hūnhēi)
• 昏黯黲／昏黯黪
• 昨昏 (cha-hng) (Min Nan)
• 晨昏 (chénhūn)
• 晨昏定省
• 晨昏顛倒／晨昏颠倒
• 氛昏
• 發昏／发昏 (fāhūn)
• 神昏意亂／神昏意乱
• 童昏
• 老眼昏花
• 耳目昏眩
• 頭昏／头昏 (tóuhūn)
• 頭昏目眩／头昏目眩
• 頭昏眼暗／头昏眼暗
• 頭昏眼暈／头昏眼晕
• 頭昏眼花／头昏眼花 (tóuhūnyǎnhuā)
• 頭昏腦悶／头昏脑闷
• 頭昏腦脹／头昏脑胀
• 頭暈眼昏／头晕眼昏
• 黃昏／黄昏 (huánghūn)
• 黃昏時分／黄昏时分

 

References

• “昏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

昏

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. dark
2. evening, dusk

Readings

• Go-on: こん (kon)
• Kan-on: こん (kon)
• Kun: くらい (kurai, 昏い)、くれる (kureru, 昏れる)、たそがれ (tasogare)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 昏 (MC xwon). Recorded as Middle Korean 혼 (hwon) (Yale: hwon) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

昏 (eumhun 어두울 혼 (eoduul hon))

1. hanja form^? of 혼 (“dark; dusk”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 혼란 (昏亂, hollan)
• 혼미 (昏迷, honmi)
• 황혼 (黃昏, hwanghon)
• 몽혼 (朦昏, monghon)
• 혼수 (昏睡, honsu)
• 혼수상태 (昏睡狀態, honsusangtae)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

昏: Hán Nôm readings: hôn, hon

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.