按

按	U+6309, 按 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6309

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

按 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 手十女 (QJV), four-corner 5304₄, composition ⿰扌安)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 429, character 26
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12038
Dae Jaweon: page 779, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1876, character 1
Unihan data for U+6309

Chinese

trad.		按
simp. ^#		按

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (安) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
安	*qaːn
鞍	*qaːn
鞌	*qaːn
侒	*qaːn
按	*qaːns
案	*qaːns
洝	*qaːns
荌	*qaːns
晏	qaːns, qraːns
鴳	*qraːns
騴	*qraːns
鷃	*qraːns
頞	*qaːd
胺	*qaːd
咹	*qaːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːns) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 安 (OC *qaːn). The phonetic component however indicates the concept to be at ease, hence it is linked with the meaning "to restrain; to push down".

Etymology

Exoactive of 安 (OC *qaːn, “be calm”), lit. "cause to be settled, calmed".

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): àn (an⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): on³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): on
Eastern Min (BUC): áng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): àn

(Teochew, Peng'im): ang³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵oe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: àn
  - Zhuyin: ㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: àn
  - Wade–Giles: an⁴
  - Yale: àn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ann
  - Palladius: ань (anʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: on³
  - Yale: on
  - Cantonese Pinyin: on³
  - Guangdong Romanization: on³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔːn³³/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: on
  - Hakka Romanization System: on
  - Hagfa Pinyim: on⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /on⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: áng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɑŋ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: àn
  - Tâi-lô: àn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: axn
  - IPA (Taipei): /an¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /an⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Singapore): /an²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: àng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aŋ²¹³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵oe
  - MiniDict: oe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²oe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ø³⁴/

Middle Chinese: 'anH

Rime
Character	按
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	烏旰切
Baxter	'anH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔan^H/
Li Rong	/ʔɑn^H/
Wang Li	/ɑn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	àn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	on³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤa[n]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*qaːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	按
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	àn
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔan^H ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔˁa[n]-s/
English	repress
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	按
Reading #	1/1
No.	15
Phonetic component	安
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	按
Old Chinese	/*qaːns/

Definitions

按

to push (with hands); to press
按鈕／按钮 ― ànniǔ ― to press a button
to put aside
to restrain
to check against something, chiefly a text
按圖索驥／按图索骥 ― àntúsuǒjì ― literally, "to seek a fine horse by checking against a drawing"
to make comments; to write notes
Synonym: 案 (àn)
according to; referring to; following
按照 ― ànzhào ― according to

按計劃行事／按计划行事 ― àn jìhuà xíngshì ― to follow the plan
(Malaysia, Singapore) to withdraw (money)
(Cantonese) to mortgage
按揭 [Cantonese] ― on³ kit³ [Jyutping] ― to mortgage
(Hokkien) to estimate; to evaluate; to assess; to figure; to suppose; to reckon; to plan
(Hokkien) to pawn; to borrow money while depositing an item as collateral from a pawnshop or someone for later payment
(Hokkien) from (place or time); by; since

Synonyms

(to push):

Dialectal synonyms of 按 (“to push; to press”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		按
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	按, 摁
	Taiwan	按
	Malaysia	按
	Singapore	按
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	按, 摁
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	按, 壓
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	按, 逞
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	按, 逞
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	捺
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	按, 捺
Cantonese	Guangzhou	撳, 的
	Hong Kong	撳
	Macau	撳
	Yangjiang	擪
	Singapore (Guangfu)	撳
Gan	Nanchang	按, 陣
Hakka	Meixian	撳
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	撳
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	撳
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	撳
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	撳, 擪
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	撳
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	擪
	Kuching (Hepo)	撳
Jin	Taiyuan	按
Northern Min	Jian'ou	壓
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	扼
Southern Min	Xiamen	揤
	Quanzhou	揤
	Zhangzhou	揤
	Taipei	揤
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	揤
	Kaohsiung	揤
	Yilan	揤
	Changhua (Lukang)	揤
	Taichung	揤
	Tainan	揤
	Hsinchu	揤
	Kinmen	揤
	Penghu (Magong)	揤
	Penang (Hokkien)	揤, 捏
	Singapore (Hokkien)	揤, 捏
	Manila (Hokkien)	揤
	Chaozhou	揤
	Singapore (Teochew)	揤
Wu	Shanghai	撳
	Suzhou	撳
	Wuxi	撳
	Wenzhou	捺, 捼
Xiang	Changsha	捘, 按
Xiang	Shuangfeng	撳

(to restrain):

edit

主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng) (archaic)
克制 (kèzhì)
克治 (kèzhì) (literary)
制禦／制御 (zhìyù) (literary)
制約／制约 (zhìyuē)
君 (jūn) (literary)
執掌／执掌 (zhízhǎng)
壓制／压制 (yāzhì)
壓抑／压抑 (yāyì)
局 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
局限 (júxiàn)
左右 (zuǒyòu)
把
抑制 (yìzhì)
把持 (bǎchí)
把控 (bǎkòng)
把攬／把揽 (bǎlǎn)
抵制 (dǐzhì)
拘束 (jūshù)
按捺 (ànnà) (usually in the negative)
控 (literary, or in compounds)
控制 (kòngzhì)
掌控 (zhǎngkòng)
掌握 (zhǎngwò)
提控 (tíkòng) (literary)
撥弄／拨弄 (bōnòng)
撙節／撙节 (zǔnjié)
操控 (cāokòng)
操縱／操纵 (cāozòng)
擺佈／摆布 (bǎibù)
擺治／摆治 (bǎizhì) (regional)
支配 (zhīpèi)
收斂／收敛 (shōuliǎn)
束 (literary, or in compounds)
束縛／束缚 (shùfù)
柄 (literary, or in compounds)
框 (kuàng)
禁錮／禁锢 (jìngù) (figurative)
積壓／积压 (jīyā) (figurative)
節制／节制 (jiézhì)
節撙／节撙 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
管制 (guǎnzhì)
管束 (guǎnshù)
約束／约束 (yuēshù)
統御／统御 (tǒngyù) (literary)
統治／统治 (tǒngzhì)
羈束／羁束 (jīshù) (literary)
裁 (cái) (literary, or in compounds)
遏抑 (èyì) (literary)
鎮／镇 (zhèn)
限 (xiàn)
限乏 (Xiamen Hokkien)
限制 (xiànzhì)
駕／驾 (jià)
駕馭／驾驭 (jiàyù) (figurative)

(according to):

edit

依 (yī)
依據／依据 (yījù)
依照 (yīzhào)
憑／凭 (píng)
憑借／凭借 (píngjiè)
按照 (ànzhào)
據／据
本著／本着 (běnzhe)
根據／根据 (gēnjù)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (按):

→ Japanese: 按(あん) (an)
→ Korean: 안(按) (an)
→ Vietnamese: án (按)

Others:

→ Vietnamese: ấn (按, “to press”)

Japanese

Kanji

按

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: あん (an)
Kan-on: あん (an)
Kun: おさえる (osaeru, 按える)、しらべる (shiraberu, 按べる)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
按
あん Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 按 (MC 'anH).

Affix

按(あん) • (an)

push (with hands); press
examine; investigate

Korean

Hanja

按 • (an, al) (hangeul 안, 알, revised an, al, McCune–Reischauer an, al, Yale an, al)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Tày

Verb

按 (án)

Nôm form of án (“to count”).
度𫠯保按啓
Tò lồng bấu án khái
Can no longer count the steps taken when going down

𨀎𪪈開帝𱍭按鉼
Khuốp pi khai đảy ngần án pẻng
(please add an English translation of this usage example)

References

Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày‎^[1] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Vietnamese

Han character

按: Hán Nôm readings: án, ấn, ướn

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.