William Wilson Morgan (January 3, 1906 – June 21, 1994) was an American astronomer and astrophysicist.[1] The principal theme in Morgan's work was stellar and galaxy classification. He is also known for helping prove the existence of spiral arms in our galaxy. In addition to his scientific achievements he served as professor and astronomy director for the University of Chicago's Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin and was the managing editor for George Hale's Astrophysical Journal.
William Wilson Morgan | |
|---|---|
| Born | January 3, 1906 |
| Died | June 21, 1994 (aged 88) |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Chicago (B.Sc.), (M.Sc.), (PhD) |
| Known for | Bautz-Morgan classification, cD galaxy type, MK system |
| Awards | Bruce Medal (1958) Henry Draper Medal (1980) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | astronomy, astrophysics |
| Institutions | Yerkes Observatory |
| Doctoral students | Arne Slettebak |
Scientific achievements
editAlong with Philip Keenan he developed the MK system for the classification of stars through their spectra. He also developed several galaxy morphological classification systems, including the first systems to use the physical, quantifiable properties of galaxies, as opposed to simple, qualitative, eyeball estimates favoured by Edwin Hubble. He invented the now widely used classification cD for massive galaxies in the centres of galaxy clusters. In 1970, along with astronomer Laura P. Bautz, they created the still-used Bautz-Morgan classification scheme for clusters, which identifies those containing cD galaxies as the richest, type I clusters.
He worked at Yerkes Observatory for much of his career, including acting as its director from 1960 to 1963.[2] Along with Donald Osterbrock and Stewart Sharpless, he used distance measurements of O and B type stars to show the existence of spiral arms in the Milky Way Galaxy.
From 1947 to 1952, Morgan was managing editor of the Astrophysical Journal,[2][3] a publication originally started by George Hale to promote scientific cooperation between the world's astrophysicists.
Education
editMorgan attended Washington and Lee University but left just before the start of his senior year. He began working as a research assistant at Yerkes Observatory and started taking classes there (Yerkes is affiliated with the University of Chicago). Morgan graduated from the University of Chicago in 1927 with a Bachelor of Science degree[4] on the basis of transfer credits from Washington and Lee combined with his subsequent courses at Yerkes Observatory. While at UC/Yerkes, Morgan continued his post-graduate studies and received a doctorate in December 1931.[2]
Professorship
editMorgan continued on at the University of Chicago and became an assistant professor in 1936, full professor in 1947, and was promoted to distinguished service professor in 1966.[2]
One of his early graduate students in stellar classification was Nancy Grace Roman, who went on to become NASA's first Chief of Astronomy.[5] Morgan was the chairman of the UC Department of Astronomy from 1960 to 1966.[2]
Honors
editAwards and honors
- Bruce Medal (1958)[6]
- Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1961)[7]
- Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1964)[8]
- Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1980)[9]
- Herschel Medal (1983)
- Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1985)[10]
Named after him
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Osterbrock, Donald E. (December 1994). "Obituary: William W. Morgan". Physics Today. 47 (12): 82–83. Bibcode:1994PhT....47l..82O. doi:10.1063/1.2808763. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
- ^ a b c d e Osterbrock, Donald. "William Wilson Morgan". The National Academies Press. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ Osterbrock, Donald E. (1995-01-01). "Founded in 1895 by George E. Hale and James E. Keeler: The Astrophysical Journal Centennial". The Astrophysical Journal. 438: 6. doi:10.1086/175049. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ DeVorkin, David. "Oral History Transcript – Dr. William Wilson Morgan". The American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ Nancy G. Roman (August 19, 1980). "Oral Histories: Nancy G. Roman" (Interview). Interviewed by David DeVorkin. College Park, MD, USA: Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics.
- ^ "Past Winners of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ "Grants, Prizes and Awards". American Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter M" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- ^ "Henry Draper Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.