William Dempster Hoard (October 10, 1836 – November 22, 1918) was an American politician, newspaper publisher, and agriculture advocate who served as the 16th governor of Wisconsin from 1889–1891. Called the "father of modern dairying", Hoard's advocacy for scientific agriculture and the expansion of dairy farming has been credited with changing Wisconsin's agricultural economy. He promoted the use of silos and alfalfa for cattle feed, testing for bovine tuberculosis, and single-use cattle herds in his magazine Hoard's Dairyman. His work with the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association led to the exporting of Wisconsin dairy products to the East Coast and those products earning national renown.
William D. Hoard | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by James Reeve Stuart c. 1891 | |
| 16th Governor of Wisconsin | |
| In office January 7, 1889 – January 5, 1891 | |
| Preceded by | Jeremiah M. Rusk |
| Succeeded by | George Wilbur Peck |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Dempster Hoard October 10, 1836 Munnsville, New York, U.S. |
| Died | November 22, 1918 (aged 82) Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Resting place | Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin |
| Monuments | William D. Hoard Monument at University of Wisconsin–Madison |
| Board member of |
|
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse |
Agnes Elizabeth Bragg
(m. 1860) |
| Children | 3 |
| Occupation | Publisher, politician |
| Known for | Agriculture advocacy, Hoard's Dairyman |
| Signature |  |
As editor of his newspaper the Jefferson County Union, Hoard defied trends of the time for small newspapers to expand the coverage area of the paper and include a strongly voiced editorial page, which he used to advocate for improved farming practices and dairy farming. As governor of Wisconsin, Hoard established the Dairy and Food Commission—one of the first food inspection agencies in the United States—and passed a controversial, short-lived compulsory education law that required all students in the state be taught in English as part of the Americanization process for immigrants.
Early life and education
editWilliam D. Hoard was born on October 10, 1836, in Munnsville, New York, to William Bradford Hoard and Sarah Katherine White Hoard. He was the eldest of four children.[1]: 132 His father was a blacksmith and itinerant Methodist minister who preached to the Oneida people.[2]: 43 Hoard was educated in a one-room log schoolhouse built by his grandfather, Enos, who also maintained a library. The library and encouragement from Hoard's mother led to a passion for reading.[2]: 43 [3]: 5–7 Enos brought Hoard with him while purchasing dairy cattle and educated him on dairy farming as a child.[4]: 46 When he was 16, Hoard left school to work as a farmhand for Waterman Simons, a neighboring dairy farmer from whom Hoard learned how to make cheese and butter.[1]: 132 [5]: 105 While working as a farmhand, Hoard witnessed the depletion of New York soil by the growing of wheat and other crops that led to the adoption of dairy farming in the state.[3]: 10–12 [6] During this time, he managed a 50-cow herd and read technical journals on farming.[2]: 43
In 1857, Hoard moved to Oak Grove, Wisconsin, and studied to become a Methodist minister. Conflict with church leadership led him to cease his studies.[5]: 105 For the next three years, Hoard found employment chopping wood and giving singing lessons.[4]: 46 In 1860, he married Agnes Elizabeth Bragg and moved in with her parents in Lake Mills, Wisconsin.[5]: 106 [3]: 18 The couple had three children: Halbert Louis, Arthur Ralph, and Frank Ward.[3]: 18, 20 [2]: 43
After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Hoard—an admirer of Abraham Lincoln—enlisted in the Union Army.[4]: 47 He was assigned to the 4th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment as a fife player and participated in the capture of New Orleans.[7]: 18 [5]: 106 Hoard became ill while pursuing Confederate soldiers and was discharged. He returned to his parents' farm in New York; after fully recovering, he re-enlisted in the Union Army and was assigned to Battery A of the 1st New York Light Artillery Battalion, serving until the end of the war in 1865.[1]: 132 [5]: 106 After the war, Hoard moved to Columbus, Wisconsin, and attempted to grow hops. The price of the crop collapsed and Hoard gave up hop farming.[4]: 47
Career
editPublishing and advocacy
editJefferson County Union and Hoard's Dairyman
editHoard founded a weekly newspaper, the Jefferson County Union, in Lake Mills in 1870. Against trends of the time, Hoard expanded his paper's coverage to include surrounding areas.[1]: 133 Early editions of the Union were printed under contract with the Watertown Republican, for which Hoard had written prior to founding his own newspaper.[3]: 38 Hoard moved the Union to Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, in 1873 and by 1883 he had constructed a new building that included a printing press.[3]: 49
Hoard included an editorial page in the Union, a rarity for small newspapers of the time.[4]: 49 He used these columns to write about a variety of topics, most prominently the promotion of scientific agricultural practices, and started a dairy farming-specific column in 1872.[3]: 40–42, 53–54 [8]: 57 Readers received these editorials with skepticism due to Hoard's lack of experience in Wisconsin agriculture, and referred to him as a theorist and a "book farmer".[4]: 49 [1]: 133 Hoard continued to write agriculture columns and after encouragement from his son Arthur and Whitewater Register publisher Ed E. Coe, founded Hoard's Dairyman in 1885 as a folio supplement to the Union.[5]: 109 [8]: 57
The Dairyman was initially financially supported by its parent newspaper. By 1889, it had become a separate magazine that focused primarily on dairy farming.[9]: 368–369 [8]: 57 As was commonplace with dairy trade publications at the time, Hoard mixed reporting and advertising in the Dairyman, juxtaposing advertisements with articles promoting the advertised technique or technology.[8]: 58 [2]: 46 Hoard used the publication to advocate for agricultural and dairy manufacturing practices including: testing of herds for bovine tuberculosis, slaughtering infected animals, and providing recompense for farmers who culled their herds;[8]: 120 [10] the growth and use of alfalfa as cattle feed,[10] the use of particular breeds of cattle for milking or meat,[8]: 62 the use of the Babcock test to test the butterfat content of milk,[11]: 164 sanitization of milk bottles used in city delivery,[8]: 122 the humane treatment of cattle, the formation of agricultural cooperatives to compete with corporations, and the adoption of silos to store cattle feed.[8]: 68–69 By 1924, Hoard's Dairyman had a print circulation of 75,000 and readers in Japan, Australia, and England.[5]: 109–110 It is considered the first agriculture publication to have a nationwide readership in the United States.[1]: 133
Trade associations and lobbying
editHoard founded the Jefferson County Dairymen's Association in 1871[5]: 106 and cofounded the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association (WDA) with Chester Hazen, Stephen Favill, Walter S. Greene, H.C. Drake, J.G. Hull, M.S. Barrett, D.E. Smith, and H.F. Dousman in 1872.[12]: 125 At its founding, Hazen declared the WDA had three goals: to openly discuss dairy problems, eliminate a surplus of cheese and reduce freight rates for rail transport of dairy products, and market to dealers from the East Coast.[12]: 124 The WDA sent Hoard to Chicago in 1874 to barter with railroads to secure better prices and refrigerated railcars for the transport of cheese from Wisconsin to the East Coast.[13]: 13 His efforts were successful; rates were reduced to one cent per pound. Cheese production in Wisconsin increased rapidly following the rate reduction.[5]: 108–109 [12]: 127 In 1876, the American Dairymen's Association invited the WDA to exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition. Hoard felt slighted by the group that had ignored him for three years and advocated against going under the auspices of the national association; the other members agreed, rejecting the proposal and ultimately setting up exhibits themselves. Wisconsin dairy products won 20 awards and earned national renown.[12]: 139–140
Through the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association, Hoard and other founders successfully lobbied for the creation of agriculture-related regulations and educational institutions, including legislation to ban skim and filled cheese,[Note 1] the establishment of farmers' institutes[Note 2] and the College of Agriculture at the University of Wisconsin.[3]: 72 [11]: 185 [Note 3] In 1890, the group campaigned for the establishment of the first dairy school in the U.S., which taught students to make butter and cheese.[10][15]: 46
Hoard opposed the sale of adulterated dairy products and oleomargarine, which became popular in the late 1800s.[7]: 23 Oleomargarine, made by emulsifying lard with milk and water, was often dyed yellow to give it the appearance of butter and was sold as such.[7]: 20 [Note 4] The cost of producing oleomargarine was much lower than that of producing butter and dairy farmers viewed it as a threat to their livelihoods.[7]: 20 In 1894, Hoard founded the National Dairy Union and campaigned for an additional tax to be placed on the sale of dyed oleomargarine, which he viewed as a fraudulent product.[Note 5] Hoard often testified before Congress about the fraudulent nature of oleomargarine between 1898 and 1902, and helped secure the passage of the Oleomargarine Act of 1902, which added an additional 10-cent tax on the sale of colored oleomargarine and briefly caused a decline in its production.[7]: 25–26
Political career
editEarly career
editIn 1870, Hoard was appointed a deputy U.S. Marshal and assigned to be a census taker in Lake Mills and the surrounding area.[11]: 77–79 While taking the census, Hoard met a family of German immigrants who could not speak English and had been tricked out of a large sum of money by English-speaking confidence tricksters. The experience influenced Hoard's opinions on education when he became governor.[4]: 51–53 In 1872, Hoard was named the sergeant-at-arms for the Wisconsin Senate.[3]: 43
Governor of Wisconsin
editBy 1888, Hoard had become a popular speaker, lecturing on agricultural topics throughout Wisconsin. He was nominated as the Republican candidate for governor in an anonymous article in the Milwaukee Sentinel that year and received strong support from farmers throughout the state.[9]: 369–370 Robert M. La Follette lent Hoard his poll lists and advisers for his gubernatorial campaign.[16]: 14 Hoard was elected as the 16th governor of Wisconsin in the election of 1888, defeating Democratic candidate James Morgan, and served a single, two-year term as governor.[9]: 369–370 His administration passed a controversial compulsory education law that mandated schools educate their pupils in English and created the Dairy and Food Commission to oversee dairy production in the state and enforce bans on skim and filled cheese as well as other adulterated dairy products.[17][12]: 249–250 It was one of the first food inspection agencies in the United States.[10][13]: 32 and passed a controversial compulsory education law that mandated schools educate their pupils in English.[17]
Bennett Law
editThe first legislation Hoard signed was the Bennett Law. It passed in April 1889 and mandated children in the state aged 7–14 attend school in their district of residence for at least 12 weeks per year and receive instruction in English.[17]: 70 The latter provision was added by Hoard, who advocated for the Americanization of immigrants in the state and viewed the English only movement as an important step in the process.[9]: 377 [17]: 69–70
By 1890, approximately 70% of the Wisconsin population was an immigrant or had at least one immigrant parent; many of that group had German ancestry.[Note 6] German Lutherans and German Catholics in Wisconsin, who combined American patriotism with a strong ethnic pride and affection for speaking the German language, felt the law attacked the independence of their church communities and parochial schools, many of which primarily taught their courses in German.[18]: 12–13 [Note 7][17]: 70–71 Hoard, on the other hand, felt church communities focused more on growing their congregations through these schools than on fostering American citizenship.[Note 8] He came to see the law as a matter of the separation of church and state and necessary to protect public schools.[17]: 75 [20]: 274 Opponents of the law characterized it as paternalistic and Hoard as prejudiced against German-Americans.[13]: 613 [17]: 88
In March 1890, the three Catholic bishops of Wisconsin published a manifesto opposing the law and three months later, the Wisconsin, Missouri, and Evangelical synods similarly denounced it.[18]: 10 [9]: 378 German-language publications throughout the state advocated for the law's repeal, and called for Catholics and Lutherans to campaign for the law's repeal after the election of 1890.[18]: 14–15 [17]: 77–78 Scandinavian immigrants in the state supported the repeal of the law based on its clause requiring students be taught in their district of residence; Scandinavian communities had fewer parochial schools than their German counterparts and were convinced by opponents of the law that it would prevent their children attending their parochial schools.[18]: 23 The Bennett Law became the primary issue of the contest, though economic pressures attributed to the McKinley Tariff also played a significant role.[20]: 292–293 Hoard, a political novice, refused to compromise on the law, leading previously Republican-supporting German voters to turn against the party in 1890.[20]: 274, 280 Democrats won a supermajority in the Wisconsin Legislature and eight of nine available seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Hoard was defeated by George Wilbur Peck for the governorship.[9]: 387–388, 390 The Bennett Law was repealed in February 1891, the first act of the new legislature.[17]: 91 Historian Louise Phelps Kellogg noted the law's purpose of increasing English literacy in immigrant communities was still achieved; parochial schools sought to prove the legislation was not needed by introducing more English-language instruction in their classrooms.[18]: 24
Post-governorship
editFollowing his defeat in the election of 1890, Hoard returned to his work with the Union and Dairyman, using his publications to support Robert M. La Follette. Hoard was uneasy about La Follette's more radical positions, and began distancing himself from La Follette.[2]: 48 By the end of the 1905 special session of the Wisconsin Legislature, Hoard had disassociated with La Follette and progressive Republicans due to La Follette's dictatorial style and being unable to reconcile elements of the platform that provided more social services with his own ideals.[21] In 1907, Hoard was named to the University of Wisconsin's Board of Regents and helped transport a dairy herd to the campus in Madison and arrange the construction of the Livestock Pavilion. He resigned from the Board in 1911, citing efforts by Governor Francis E. McGovern to fill it with La Follette loyalists.[2]: 48 [22]
Legacy
edit
Hoard died on November 22, 1918, and was buried in Fort Atkinson.[1]: 134 He has been credited with changing the agricultural economy of Wisconsin from the growth of wheat to the raising of dairy cattle and production of dairy products,[1]: 134 [23] and the Los Angeles Times called him "the father of modern dairying".[10] Wisconsin governor Emanuel L. Philipp assembled a committee that named Hoard the state's "Most Distinguished Citizen" in 1915.[1]: 133 Gutzon Borglum made a statue of Hoard which was placed on Henry Mall in front of the College of Agriculture on the University of Wisconsin campus in 1922.[11]: 233-235 In 2010, the Wisconsin Legislature made his birthday, October 10, a state holiday.[24] Hoard's Dairyman Farm is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is considered the most famous dairy farm in the world.[10]
See also
edit- History of cheesemaking in Wisconsin – History of the cheesemaking industry in Wisconsin
- Hoard Historical Museum – American dairy industry history organization
Notes
edit- ^ Skim cheese is cheese made from milk which has had most of its butterfat removed. Filled cheese is made with milk that has its fat content replaced margarine or lard. These cheeses were difficult to tell apart from cheese made with whole milk when fresh, but spoiled comparatively quickly after production. Prolific production of skim and filled cheese had significantly damaged the reputation of Wisconsin cheese by 1889.[12]: 247, 250
- ^ Farmers' institutes were traveling lecture series put on by the University of Wisconsin to communicate the latest developments in agriculture science to farmers. Hiram Smith installed fellow WDA member William H. Morrison as superintendent of the institutes, which gave the dairy industry an increased presence in the curriculum.[14]: 60–61 Hoard was a popular presenter at these institutes.[9]: 369
- ^ Lampard wrote that the first dean of the College of Agriculture William A. Henry "personally owed so much to the support of Hoard and Hiram Smith" and later said, "'The Wisconsin Dairymen's Association is the true parent of the Wisconsin College of Agriculture today.'"[12]: 344–345
- ^ The problem of fraudulent butter had reached the White House by 1886, with president Grover Cleveland remarking at the passage of the Oleomargarine Act of 1886, "I venture to say that hardly a pound (of oleomargarine) ever entered a poor man's house under its real name and in its true character."[7]: 22
- ^ When questioned by Congress about why butter should be allowed to be dyed yellow during certain seasons while oleomargarine should not be allowed to be dyed at all, Hoard compared it to dying fabrics to suit taste, rather than disguising their true nature, saying, "Butter is colored yellow to suit the taste of the consumer and for no other reason, and the product oleomargarine has no more right to this color than the gray goose has to the brilliant plumage of the peacock."[11]: 201–202
- ^ Wisconsin's population in 1890 was approximately 1.68 million people; of those, about 620,000 were born in Germany or had at least one parent born in Germany.[17]: 84
- ^ German Lutherans in Wisconsin at this time had broken away from a caste-like system and relied on church leadership for guidance. This led to the creation of insular communities that heavily emphasized German tradition, called "Germandom" by Louise Phelps Kellogg. German Catholic communities were not as insular, which Kellogg attributed to a higher volume of non-German elements in Catholicism.[18]: 8–10
- ^ In a letter dated December 23, 1915, to Rasmus B. Anderson, Hoard wrote, "I note that the Milwaukee Sentinel states that there are 136,000 young persons in Wisconsin between the ages of 7 and 20 who cannot speak, write, or read English. This is due very largely to church influence which, as you know, has but little purpose in education beyond the perpetuation of ecclesiastical control over the minds of the young. It is the church and its growth first and always with but little care for intelligent American citizenship afterward."[19]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i "William Dempster Hoard, 1889–91". The Wisconsin Blue Book. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Legislature Reference Library. 1960. pp. 132–134. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Risjord, Norman K. (2005). "From the plow to the cow: William D. Hoard and America's Dairyland". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 88 (3). Wisconsin Historical Society: 40–49. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Osman, Loren H. (1985). W.D. Hoard: A Man for His Time. Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin: W.D. Hoard & Sons Company. ISBN 978-0-932147-00-4. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ogilvie, William Edward (1927). Pioneer agricultural journalists: Brief biographical sketches of some of the early editors in the field of agricultural journalism. Chicago: Arthur G. Leonard. pp. 45–54. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ivins, Lester Sylvan; Winship, Albert Edward (1924). "William Dempster Hoard: 1836–1918". Fifty Famous Farmers. New York: Macmillan. pp. 105–113. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
- ^ Messere, Mary (August 8, 2020). "A look back at William Dempster Hoard and Eaton's ag history". Utica Observer-Dispatch. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Suval, John (2012). "(Not) Like Butter: W. D. Hoard and the Crusade Against the "Oleo Fraud"". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 96 (1). Wisconsin Historical Society: 16–27. ISSN 0043-6534. JSTOR 24398963. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schlebecker, John T.; Hopkins, Andrew W. (1957). A History of Dairy Journalism in the United States, 1810–1950. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. Retrieved October 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Whyte, William F. (June 1927). "The Bennett Law campaign in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 10 (4). Wisconsin Historical Society: 363–390. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Hillinger, Charles (December 15, 1985). "Wisconsin's shrine to dairy cows: Top milk producing state is tribute to one man's effort". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Rankin, George William (1925). William Dempster Hoard. Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin: W. D. Hoard & Sons Company.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lampard, Eric E. (1963). The Rise of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin: A Study in Agricultural Change, 1820–1920. Madison, Wisconsin : Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ a b c Nesbit, Robert C. (1985). The History of Wisconsin, Volume III: Urbanization & Industrialization 1873–1893. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-87020-630-6. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
- ^ Luther, E. L. (1946). "Farmers' Institutes in Wisconsin 1885–1933". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 30 (1). Wisconsin Historical Society: 59–68. ISSN 0043-6534. JSTOR 4631796. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
- ^ Apps, Jerold W. (2020). Cheese: The Making of a Wisconsin Tradition (Second ed.). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299329242.
- ^ Buenker, John D. (1998). "Robert M. La Follette's Progressive Odyssey". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 82 (1). Wisconsin Historical Society: 2–31. JSTOR 4636775. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hunt, Thomas C. (1981). "The Bennett Law of 1890: Focus of Conflict Between Church and State in Education". Journal of Church and State. 23 (1): 69–93. doi:10.1093/jcs/23.1.69. ISSN 0021-969X. JSTOR 23915900. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Kellogg, Louise Phelps (1918). "The Bennett Law in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 2 (1). Wisconsin Historical Society: 3–25. ISSN 0043-6534. JSTOR 4630124. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
- ^ Anderson, Rasmus Björn; Barton, Albert Olaus (1917). Life Story of Rasmus B. Anderson. R.B. Anderson. p. 675. ISBN 978-0-7222-0361-3. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
- ^ a b c Wyman, Roger E. (1968). "Wisconsin ethnic groups and the Election of 1890". Wisconsin Magazine of History. 51 (4). Wisconsin Historical Society: 269–293. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ Buenker, John D. (1998). The History of Wisconsin, Volume IV: The Progressive Era, 1893–1914. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Historical Society. p. 492. ISBN 978-0-87020-631-3. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
- ^ "Politics and University". The Racine Journal. April 11, 1911. Retrieved October 26, 2024 – via NewspaperArchive.
- ^ Grace, Julie (July 24, 2018). "Wisconsin's Decisive Shift Towards The Dairy Cow". WisContext. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
- ^ 2009 Wisconsin Act 327 (995.24). Wisconsin Legislature. 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
Further reading
edit- McIntyre, Calvin Martin (1966). William Dempster Hoard as an Agricultural Educator, 1870–1892 (Thesis). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin–Madison.