A UFO religion is any religion in which the existence of extraterrestrial (ET) entities operating unidentified flying objects (UFOs) is an element of belief. Typically, adherents of such religions believe the ETs to be interested in the welfare of humanity which either already is, or eventually will become, part of a pre-existing ET civilization. Other religions predate the UFO era of the mid 20th century, but incorporate ETs into a more supernatural worldview in which the UFO occupants are more akin to angels than physical aliens, but this distinction may be blurred within the overall subculture. These religions have their roots in the tropes of early science fiction (especially space opera) and weird fiction writings, in ufology, and in the subculture of UFO sightings and alien abduction stories. Historians have considered the Aetherius Society, founded by George King, to be the first UFO religion.
Summary
editSome adherents of UFO religions believe that the arrival or rediscovery of alien civilizations, technologies, and spirituality will enable humans to overcome current ecological, spiritual, and social problems. Issues such as hatred, war, bigotry, poverty and so on are said to be resolvable through the use of superior alien technology and spiritual abilities. Such belief systems are also described as millenarian in their outlook.[1][2]
UFO religions developed first in such countries as the United States, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan as the concept presumes the cultural context of a society technologically advanced enough to conceive of ET as such and one in which religion of any kind is not discouraged or suppressed. The term "flying saucers" and the popular notion of the UFO originated in 1947.[3] The study of UFO religions among sociologists, historians, theologians, scholars of religious studies and new religious movements began during the 1950s.[4]
Notable UFO religions
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UFO religions generally deal with belief in communication with extraterrestrial beings.[6][7] Stephen Hunt writes in Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction, "One form of quasi-religion that perhaps borders on a more orthodox form of religiosity is that of the flying saucer cults".[6] In these groups, individuals believe that communication between aliens and humans can take the form of physical contact, telepathy, and astral projection.[6] Typically the groups believe that humanity will be saved by these aliens when humans are educated as to a better way to live life.[6] Some of the groups believe that aliens will come to take those that believe to a more positive location.[6] Often the extraterrestrial beings are seen to plead with humanity to improve itself and to move away from a society of greed and violence.[6] UFO religions place an emphasis on spiritual growth and the evolution of humanity.[6] A UFO religion can be formed before or after an individual claims to have experienced an alien abduction and been taken aboard a spacecraft.[8]
Christopher Hugh Partridge writes in UFO Religions that J. Gordon Melton identifies the first UFO religion as the group "I AM" Activity, founded by Guy Ballard.[5] Partridge says it "can be seen as the obvious theosophical forerunner to UFO religions such as the Aetherius Society, and to the thought of UFO religionists such as George Adamski" but views it not as a UFO religion but as a theosophical religion.[9] Partridge notes that within UFO religions, there is a belief that the supreme being or "evolved entity" did not ascend from Earth, but instead came from another plane or another planet and descended to Earth.[10] Partridge describes the 1947 Roswell incident as a key point in time within UFO spirituality, commenting: "Roswell is now firmly established as what might be described as a key ufological 'spiritual site'";[11] and James R. Lewis also calls attention to this event in his book The Gods Have Landed, noting that it is seen by Ufologists as the date of the "emergence of UFOs into the public consciousness".[12] Partridge places UFO religion within the context of theosophical esotericism, and asserts that it began to be associated as "UFO religion" after the 1947 incident at Roswell, New Mexico.[10] According to Partridge, most UFO religions still have many of the key points associated with Theosophy, such as belief in the same Spiritual Hierarchy, and he also draws parallels to New Age thought.[10] He notes that within the thought processes of UFO religions after 1947, many of these groups maintained beliefs that extraterrestrial beings were "heralds of a new era".[10]
Hunt describes the Aetherius Society founded by George King in 1955 as "probably the first and certainly the most enduring UFO cult".[13] He places the Aetherius Society and Raëlism among the "most renowned" of the "flying saucer cults".[6] Writing in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Society, contributors Melodie Campbell and Stephen A. Kent place the Aetherius Society and Unarius as among the "oldest and most studied" of the flying saucer cults.[14] They describe groups Heaven's Gate and Order of the Solar Temple as the "most controversial groups combining UFO belief with variations of contactee assertions".[14] Gregory L. Reece classes Scientology as a "UFO group" in his book UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture, and discusses elements of the Xenu cosmogony and Space opera in Scientology doctrine.[15] He compares Scientology to the Aetherius Society and to Ashtar Command, writing: "While it bears strong similarities to the Ashtar Command or the Aetherius Society, its emphasis upon the Xenu event as the central message of the group seems to place them within the ancient astronaut tradition. Either way, Scientology is perhaps most different from other UFO groups in their attempt to keep all of the space opera stuff under wraps."[15] A similar comparison is made in New Religions: A Guide, which describes the Xenu mythology as "a basic ancient astronaut myth".[16] Author Victoria Nelson writes in The Secret Life of Puppets that "[t]he most prominent current UFO religion is probably the science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard's Church of Scientology".[17]
See also
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References
edit- ^ (Partridge 2003, p. 274)
- ^ Grünschloß, Andreas (December 1998). "«When we enter into my Father's spacecraft». Cargoistic hopes and millenarian cosmologies in new religious UFO movements". Marburg Journal of Religion. 3 (2). University of Marburg: 1–24. doi:10.17192/mjr.1998.3.3771. ISSN 1612-2941. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
- ^ (Partridge 2003, pp. 7f)
- ^ Ashcraft, W. Michael (2021). "Scholarship on UFOs and Religion: The First Seventy-five Years". In Zeller, Ben (ed.). Handbook of UFO Religions. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 20. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 16–35. doi:10.1163/9789004435537_003. ISBN 978-90-04-43437-0. ISSN 1874-6691. S2CID 234904304.
- ^ a b Partridge 2003, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hunt 2003, p. 226.
- ^ Partridge 2005, pp. 444–445.
- ^ Hexham 2002, p. 11.
- ^ Partridge 2003, p. 8.
- ^ a b c d Partridge 2003, p. 36.
- ^ Partridge 2003, p. 6.
- ^ Lewis 1995, p. xiii.
- ^ Hunt 2003, p. 227.
- ^ a b Swatos 1998, pp. 531–532.
- ^ a b Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
- ^ Partridge 2004, p. 374.
- ^ Nelson 2002, pp. 178–179.
Bibliography
edit- Lewis, James R. (1995). The Gods have landed: new religions from other worlds. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2329-5.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2003). UFO religions. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26323-8.
- Hexham, Irving (2002). Pocket Dictionary of New Religious Movements. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308-1466-3.
- Hunt, Stephen (2003). Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-3410-8.
- Nelson, Victoria (2002). The Secret Life of Puppets. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00630-5.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2005). Introduction To World Religions. Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-3714-3.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2004). New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-522042-0.
- Reece, Gregory L. (2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-451-0.
- Swatos, William H.; Peter Kivisto (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7619-8956-0.