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Tiaret (Arabic: تيارت) or Tahert (Arabic: تاهرت) is a major city in northwestern Algeria that gives its name to the wider farming region of Tiaret Province. Both the town and region lie south-west of the capital of Algiers in the western region of the Hautes Plaines, in the Tell Atlas, and about 150 km (93 mi) from the Mediterranean coast. It is served by Abdelhafid Boussouf Bou Chekif Airport.
Tiaret
تيارت | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Tiaret Location of Tiaret within Algeria | |
| Coordinates: 35°22′N 1°19′E / 35.367°N 1.317°E | |
| Country |  Algeria |
| Province | Tiaret Province |
| District | Tiaret District |
| Founded | 778 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 111.45 km2 (43.03 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 978 m (3,209 ft) |
| Population (2008 census) | |
| • Total | 178,915 |
| • Density | 1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Postal code | 14000 |
| Climate | Csa |
Etymology
editThe name means "Lioness" in the Berber language, a reference to the Barbary lions that lived in this region. Maghrebian place names like Oran (Wahran) which means "lion", and Souk Ahras which means "Market of Lions" have the same etymological source.[citation needed]
Population
editThe town had a population of 178,915 in 2008.[1] The town covered around 20.086.62 km2.
Infrastructure & industry
editA 1992 study by the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis reported significant areas contaminated by industrial pollution, and growing squatter settlements on the periphery.
The region is predominantly one of agriculture. There is a large airfield with a tower and terminal at Abdelhafid Boussouf.
The Institute of National Studies of Tiaret holds 25,000 volumes in its library.[2]
Politics
editThe province suffered massacres (the largest being the Sid El-Antri massacre in 1997), killings, and bombings during the Algerian Civil War, though less so than areas closer to Algiers. The Africa Institute reported in a May 2004 monograph[3] that Tiaret's more "arid and mountainous landscape has facilitated terrorist activities". The MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base reports that Tiaret "is a frequent site of attacks by the Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC)" (now known as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb). The GSPC is "believed to have close ties to Osama bin Laden" (Paris AFX News Agency, Jul 13, 2005) and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (Asharq Alaswat Jul 3 2005), and is reported to be active in Italy (Deutsche Welle, Jul 15 2005).
History
editThe province has been inhabited since antiquity, and there are numerous megalithic monuments. It served as a Roman station and fort, Tingartia.[4] Near Tiaret are the jedars, which are ancient mausoleums. The edifices demonstrate that the area was inhabited during the Late Antiquity by a Berber tribe(s) that could build in stone.
Tiaret grew up as a site under the domination of small Berber tribal kingdoms; the first of these being the Rustamid dynasty between 761 and 909 when Tiaret served as the capital of the area. However, this capital may have been 10 km (6 or 7 miles) west of the present-day Tiaret. It was first founded by Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam, an Ibadi theologian from Greater Iran. Tiaret was said to be relatively free-thinking and democratic, being a centre for scholarship that permitted a wide range of sects and movements, notably the Mu'tazila. There were many Jews living in the area until at least the 10th century, including the scholar and doctor Judah ibn Kuraish who became the doctor to the Emir of Fes. Tiaret was captured by the Fatimids in 909.
Tiaret occupies a strategic mountain pass at 3,552 feet (1,083 m), and was thus a key to dominating the central Maghreb. Later, from the start of the 8th century, it was the key northern terminus of the West African branch of the slave trade. As such, it offered a lucrative income from taxes on the trade, and was a desirable prize.
The Rustamid empire, which during the reign of Abdurrahman (766–784) and his son Abdul Wahab (784–823) extended over the greater part of the modern Algeria, was known as the Ibadite Empire from Abdallah ibn Ibad, the founder of the sect to which Abdurrahman belonged. Seven princes of the Rustamite house succeeded Abdul Wahab until they were overthrown by the Fatimite general Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i in 909.[4]
From the year 911 Tiaret was fought over by a number of tribes, being first captured by Massala ibn Habbus of the Miknasas in the year 911, in alliance with the Fatimid Caliphate. Finally, in 933, it was in the hands of the Fatimids. After 933 Tiaret ceased to be the capital of a separate state. Most of the population was banished to Ouargla and then escaped to the inhospitable M'zab.[4][5]
From 933 it was administered as part of the Kingdom of Tlemcen, and in the 16th century fell to the Ottoman Empire.[4] In 1843 it fell to the French after they defeated Emir Abdelkader El Djezairi.
The modern town of Tiaret is built around a French redoubt of 1845. The new town attracted many settlers from France and the area flourished. A 200 km (120 mi) narrow gauge railway arrived in 1889, connecting the town to Mostaganem - today, this rail line is defunct.
Archeological attractions
editThirty kilometres (18 miles) S.S.W. of Tiaret are the sepulchral monuments known as the Jedars.[4] The name is given to a number of sepulchral monuments placed on hill-tops. A rectangular or square podium is in each case surmounted by a pyramid. The tombs date from the 5th to the 7th century, and lie in two distinct groups between Tiaret and Frenda.[6]
At Mechra-Sfa ("ford of the flat stones"), a peninsula in the valley of the river Mina not far from Tiaret, are said to be "vast numbers" of megalithic monuments.[6]
Climate
editIn Tiaret, there is a Mediterranean climate. In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Csa. The average annual temperature in Tiaret is 15.2 °C (59.4 °F). About 380 mm (14.96 in) of precipitation falls annually.
| Climate data for Tiaret (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.0 (73.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.3 (88.3) |
40.0 (104.0) |
41.6 (106.9) |
43.0 (109.4) |
41.4 (106.5) |
40.1 (104.2) |
36.3 (97.3) |
28.1 (82.6) |
25.0 (77.0) |
43.0 (109.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.7 (94.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
23.2 (73.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
22.1 (71.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
6.9 (44.4) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.1 (79.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
16.5 (61.7) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
1.2 (34.2) |
3.4 (38.1) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
2.2 (36.0) |
8.3 (46.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.4 (11.5) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44.4 (1.75) |
42.4 (1.67) |
43.1 (1.70) |
43.6 (1.72) |
29.9 (1.18) |
11.0 (0.43) |
3.8 (0.15) |
10.5 (0.41) |
31.5 (1.24) |
35.8 (1.41) |
41.5 (1.63) |
40.5 (1.59) |
378.0 (14.88) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.1 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 7.4 | 63.1 |
| Source: NOAA[7] | |||||||||||||
Notes
edit- ^ "Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
- ^ Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen M. (November 2006). Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-1-4144-1089-0.
- ^ "The Africa Institute monograph". Retrieved 2006-06-10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tiaret". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 912.
- ^ Pietro Laureand. "Desert Cities". Archived from the original on 2005-05-19. Retrieved 2005-05-19.
- ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Algeria § Archaeology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 646.
- ^ "Tiaret Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
Further reading
edit- Bourouiba, Rachid (1982). Cités disparus: Tahert, Sedrata, Achir, Kalaâ des Béni-Hammad. Collection Art et Culture, 14. Algiers Ministère de l'information. (About notable cultural artifacts and architecture).
- Belkhodja, A. (1998). Tiaret, memoire d'une ville. Tiaret, A. Belkhodja. (A personal memoir).
- Blanchard, Raoul. (1992). Amenagement & Gestion Du Territoire, Ou, L'apport Des Images-Satellite, De La Geoinfographique Et Du Terrain : Applications Aux Paysages Vegetaux De L'Algerie Steppique & Substeppique (Wilaya De Tiaret) Et Aux Espaces Construits (Tiaret Et Alger) 1990-1992. Laboratoire d'analyse spatiale. Nice, France. (Plant ecology of the Wilaya De Tiaret region, evidenced using photos from space).
- Cadenat, Pierre. (1938). Indication de quelques stations préhistoriques de la région de Tiaret Société de géographie et d'archéologie de la Province d'Oran. Extrait de son Bulletin, tome 59, fascicule 209, 1938. (12 pages booklet about the prehistoric monuments in the region).