The Republic of Vietnam Navy (RVNN; Vietnamese: Hải quân Việt Nam Cộng hòa - HQVNCH; was the naval branch of the South Vietnamese military, the official armed forces of the former Republic of Vietnam (or South Vietnam) from 1955 to 1975. The early fleet consisted of boats from France; after 1955, and the transfer of the armed forces to Vietnamese control, the fleet was supplied from the United States. With American assistance, in 1972 the VNN became the largest Southeast Asian navy and, by some estimates, the fourth largest navy in the world, just behind the Soviet Union, the United States and the People's Republic of China,[1] with 42,000 personnel, 672 amphibious ships and craft, 20 mine warfare vessels, 450 patrol craft, 56 service craft, and 242 junks. Other sources state that VNN was the ninth largest navy in the world.[2] The Republic of Vietnam Navy was responsible for the protection of the country's national waters, islands, and interests of its maritime economy, as well as for the co-ordination of maritime police, customs service and the maritime border defence force.
| Republic of Vietnam Navy Hải quân Việt Nam Cộng hòa | |
|---|---|
 Emblem of the South Vietnamese Navy | |
| Founded | 1952 |
| Disbanded | 30 April 1975 |
| Country |  South Vietnam |
| Branch | Navy |
| Role | Sea control |
| Size | 42,000 men, 1,400 ships, boats and other vessels (1973) |
| Part of |  Vietnamese National Army (1952-1955)  Republic of Vietnam Military Forces |
| Garrison/HQ | Saigon, South Vietnam |
| Nickname(s) | "HQVNCH" ("RVNN" in English) |
| Motto(s) | Tổ quốc — Đại dương ("The Fatherland — The Ocean") |
| March | Hải quân Việt Nam hành khúc |
| Anniversaries | 20 August |
| Engagements | Vietnam War Cambodian Civil War Battle of the Paracel Islands |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Trần Văn Chơn Cao Văn Viên Lâm Nguơn Tánh Chung Tấn Cang |
| Insignia | |
| Flag |  |
| Naval ensign |  |
| Flag of Saint Trần |  |
The Republic of Vietnam Navy disbanded in 1975 with the collapse of South Vietnam, and North Vietnam's victory in the Vietnam War. Most of its fleet was captured in port, but a small fleet of vessels, led by Captain Đỗ Kiếm and Richard L. Armitage of the Defense Attaché Office, Saigon, escaped to Thailand and surrendered themselves to American naval forces there. Some of these RVNN vessels were scuttled upon reaching the open sea, while others continued their service with the Philippine Navy.
History
editExpansion
edit| Year | Personnel | Vessels |
|---|---|---|
| 1955 | 2,000 | 22 |
| 1961 | 5,000 | 220 |
| 1964 | 8,100 | ? |
| 1967 | 16,300 | 639 |
| 1973 | 42,000 | 1,400 |
Politics and coups
editVNN commander Captain Hồ Tấn Quyền, was a loyal supporter of President Ngô Đình Diệm. In order to prevent him supporting Diệm in the 1963 South Vietnamese coup, he was executed by fellow VNN officers on the morning of 1 November 1963.[3]
During the 1965 South Vietnamese coup, rebel forces surrounded the VNN headquarters at the Saigon Naval Shipyard, apparently in an attempt to capture VNN commander Chung Tấn Cang. However, this was unsuccessful and Cang moved the fleet to Nhà Bè Base to prevent the rebels from seizing the ships.[4]
Vietnamization
editIn early 1969, President Richard M. Nixon formally adopted the policy of "Vietnamization". The naval part, called ACTOV ("Accelerated Turnover to the Vietnamese"), involved the phased transfer to Vietnam of the U.S. river and coastal fleet, as well as operational command over various operations. In mid-1969, the VNN took sole responsibility for river assault operations when the U.S. Mobile Riverine Force stood down and transferred 64 riverine assault craft to the VNN. On 10 October 1969, 80 Patrol Boat, Rivers (PBR) were transferred to the VNN at the Saigon Naval Shipyard, the PBRs were divided into four River Patrol Groups (RPGs) as part of Task Force 212.[5]
End
editOn 19 January 1974, four VNN ships fought a battle with four ships of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy over ownership of the Paracel Islands, 200 nautical miles (370 km) due east of Đà Nẵng. The VNN ship Nhựt Tảo (HQ-10) was sunk, Lý Thường Kiệt (HQ-16) was heavily damaged, and both Trần Khánh Dư (HQ-4) and Trần Bình Trọng (HQ-5) suffered light damage. The Chinese captured and occupied the islands.
In the spring of 1975, North Vietnamese forces occupied all of northern and central South Vietnam, and finally Saigon fell on 30 April 1975. However, Captain Kiem Do had secretly planned and then carried out the evacuation of a flotilla of thirty-five Vietnam Navy and other vessels, with 30,000 sailors, their families, and other civilians on board, and joined the U.S. Seventh Fleet when it sailed for Subic Bay, Philippines.[6] Most of the Vietnamese ships were later taken into the Philippine Navy,[7] though the LSM Lam Giang (HQ-402), fuel barge HQ-474, and gunboat Kéo Ngựa (HQ-604) were scuttled after reaching the open sea and transferring their cargo of refugees and their crews to other ships.[8]
After the war, about 1,300 former VNN vessels including junks were used by the Vietnam People's Navy, making it the largest Southeast Asian navy in the mid-1980s. Some personnel were retained, with 80% of the Ham Tu Brigade in the VPN’s Bach Dang Fleet being South Vietnamese veterans. [9]
Organization
editFleet Command
editVNN Fleet Command was directly responsible to the VNN Chief of Naval Operations for the readiness of ships and craft. The Fleet Commander assigned and scheduled ships to operate in the Coastal Zones, Riverine Areas, and the Rung Sat Special Zone. All Fleet Command ships were home ported in Saigon and normally returned there after deployments. When deployed, operational control was assumed by the respective zone or area commander, and the ships operated from the following ports:[10]
- I Coastal Zone – Đà Nẵng
- II Coastal Zone – Nha Trang/Qui Nhơn
- III Coastal Zone – Vũng Tàu/Cần Thơ/Châu Đức
- IV Coastal Zone – An Thoi/Phú Quốc
- Rung Sat Special Zone – Nhà Bè
Flotillas
editThe VNN was organized into two flotillas: a patrol flotilla and a logistics flotilla.[10] Flotilla I was composed of patrol ships, organized into four squadrons. The patrol types included LSSLs and LSILs which normally operated only in Riverine Areas or the Rung Sat Special Zone; though occasionally they were assigned the four coastal zones. Operational commitments required that half of the patrol flotilla be deployed at all times, with a boat typically spending 40 to 50 days at sea on each patrol. Fleet Command patrol ships assigned to the riverine areas provided naval gunfire support as well as patrolling the main waterways in the riverine areas. One river patrol unit was assigned as convoy escort on the Mekong River to and from the Cambodian border.[10]
Flotilla II was composed of logistic ships, divided into two squadrons, supporting the naval units and bases throughout South Vietnam. Logistic ships were under the administrative control of the Fleet Commander, and under the operational control of the VNN Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics who acted upon orders from the Central Logistics Command of the Joint General Staff.[10]
Naval Infantry/Marines
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The VNN also have under them a contingent of Naval Infantry or Marine Division formed in 1954 by then Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem and trained by the French Commandos Marine
Underwater Demolition Team
editThe South Vietnamese Navy had a small frogman group, the Liên Đoàn Người Nhái.
Training
editThe VNN training establishment consisted of a Training Bureau located at VNN Headquarters, with Training Centers located in Saigon, Nha Trang, and Cam Ranh Bay.[10]
Saigon naval shipyard
editRanks and insignia
editCommissioned officer ranks
editThe rank insignia of commissioned officers.
| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
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 Republic of Vietnam Navy(1955-1963)[11] |
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| Đô đốc | Phó đô đốc | Đề đốc | Phó đề đốc | Đại tá | Trung tá | Thiếu tá | Đại úy | Trung úy | Thiếu úy | |||||||||||||||
| Republic of Vietnam Navy (1964-1975)[12] |
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| Thủy sư Đô đốc | Đô đốc | Phó đô đốc | Đề đốc | Phó đề đốc | Đại tá | Trung tá | Thiếu tá | Đại úy | Trung úy | Thiếu úy | ||||||||||||||
Other ranks
editThe rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
| Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republic of Vietnam Navy (1954–1967)[11] |
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No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thượng sĩ nhất | Thượng sĩ | Trung sĩ nhất | Trung sĩ | Hạ sĩ nhất | Hạ sĩ | Binh nhất | Binh nhì | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Republic of Vietnam Navy (1967–1975)[12] |
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No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thượng sĩ nhất | Thượng sĩ | Trung sĩ nhất | Trung sĩ | Hạ sĩ nhất | Hạ sĩ | Binh nhất | Binh nhì | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commanders
edit- Commander (later Navy Captain) Lê Quang Mỹ, 1955–57
- Commander Trần Văn Chơn, 1957–59
- Navy Captain Hồ Tấn Quyền, 1959–63
- Navy Captain (later Vice Admiral) Chung Tấn Cang, 1963–65
- Navy Captain Trần Văn Phấn, 1965–66
- Lieutenant General Cao Văn Viên, September – November 1966 - Temporary after Coup d'État
- Navy Captain (later Rear Admiral) Trần Văn Chơn, 1966–74
- Rear Admiral Lâm Ngươn Tánh, for 2 months between 1974 and 1975
- Vice Admiral Chung Tấn Cang, 24 March – 29 April 1975
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Fiscal Year 1972 Authorization for Military Procurement: Research and Development, Construction and Real Estate Acquisition for the Safeguard ABM, and Reserve Strengths. Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, First Session, on S. 939 (H.R. 8687). U.S. Government Printing Office. 1971.
- ^ "All Hands". 1970.
- ^ Hammer, Ellen J. (1987). A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963. E. P. Dutton. p. 284. ISBN 0-525-24210-4.
- ^ "Hours in an Anxious Saigon: How Anti-Khánh Coup Failed". The New York Times. 1965-02-21. p. 2.
- ^ "Headquarters MACV Monthly Summary October 1969" (PDF). Headquarters United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. 1 January 1970. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Do, Kiem; Kane, Julie (1998). Counterpart: A South Vietnamese Naval Officer's War. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-181-3.
Julie Kane.
- ^ Jane's Fighting Ships. 1975–76. p. 658 ADDENDA.
- ^ Cima, R.J (1987). Vietnam: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 279.
- ^ a b c d e Nach, Jim (January 1974). Command Histories and Historical Sketches of the Republic of Viet Nam Armed Forces Divisions (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2006.
- ^ a b Armed Forces Information and Education (1960). Military Uniforms: A Manual of United States and Foreign Armed Forces Uniforms, Insignia and Organizations (DOD PAM 1-14) (3rd ed.). Department of Defense. p. 64. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ a b Armed Forces Information and Education (1968). Uniforms of Seven Allies (DOD GEN-30). Department of Defense. pp. 26–28. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
Bibliography
editExternal links
edit- US Naval Historical Center : Navy of the Republic of Vietnam
- vietnamresearch.com: Republic of Vietnam Navy
