Vice Admiral Russell Willson (December 27, 1883, Fredonia, New York[1] – June 6, 1948, Chevy Chase, Maryland)[2] was a flag officer of the United States Navy and inventor of the Navy Cipher Box (also called 'Naval Cipher Box' or 'Navy Code Box') issued in 1917.[3][4]
Russell Willson | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 27 December 1883 Fredonia, New York |
| Died | 6 June 1948 (aged 64) Chevy Chase, Maryland |
| Place of burial | United States Naval Academy Cemetery, Annapolis, Maryland |
| Allegiance |  United States of America |
| Service |  United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1906–1945 |
| Rank |  Vice Admiral |
| Commands | Battleship Division 1 |
| Battles / wars | Vera Cruz Incident World War I World War II |
| Awards | Navy Cross Distinguished Service Medal (Navy) Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army) |
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The son of Sidney Louis Willson and Lucy Fenton Staats Willson, Russell Willson attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1901–1902, before going on to graduate from the United States Naval Academy in 1906.[5][6]
Career
editAfter graduating from the naval academy, Wilson was commissioned an ensign in 1908. He served in the battleship USS New York during the Vera Cruz Incident at Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1914 and later as flag lieutenant to Admiral Henry Mayo, who was Commander-in-Chief, United States Atlantic Fleet.
World War I
editDuring World War I, Willson organized and developed the Navy's Code Signal Section in the United States Department of the Navy, for which he was awarded the Navy Cross.[2] He served with the Sixth Battle Squadron of the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet at the end of World War I.[7]
Interwar years
editWillson commanded destroyers at Greenland in connection with the United States Army's around-the-world flight in 1924. He graduated from the Naval War College in 1924 and was a member of the U.S. Naval Mission to Brazil from 1927 to 1930. He served as naval attache at the United States Embassy in London in 1937 and 1938.[7] Rear Admiral Willson was the last commander of Battleship Division 1 in peacetime prior to the start of World War II. On 26 May 1939, he relieved Rear Admiral Chester Nimitz as ComBatDiv1, and was relieved on 23 January 1941 by Rear Admiral Isaac Campbell Kidd, who died on the division flagship, USS Arizona (BB-39), in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.
On 1 February 1941, Willson became the superintendent of the United States Naval Academy.[8] In April 1941, Willson refused to allow the school's lacrosse team to play a visiting team from Harvard University because the Harvard team included an African-American player. Harvard's athletic director ordered the player home and the game was played on 4 April, as scheduled, which Navy won 12–0.[9]
World War II
editAfter the entry of the US in World War II, Willson, who had served on Admiral Mayo's staff with Ernest J. King, became the chief of staff to King in his role as Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet (COMINCH) on 30 December 1941,[8] Willson taking office the day that King assumed that command.[10] In September 1942, Willson was detached for duty with the United States Pacific Fleet, but before he could report to his new assignment was found medically unfit for sea duty. As a result, he retired in January 1943, but was retained in Washington, D.C., for the duration of the war as Deputy Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet. He also served from November 1942 as the naval member of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee for the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[11] Willson was a principal at several of the wartime conferences between Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill.[12] He was also a member of the U.S. delegation at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and military advisor at the San Francisco Conference.
After World War II, Willson become associate editor of World Report.[2]
Personal life
editAn Episcopalian, Russell Willson married Eunice Westcott Willson (1884–1962) on 3 June 1911. They had a son, Russell, and two daughters, Eunice and Mary.[13] Lt. Russell Willson, Jr. (1919–1945), USN, was a naval aviator, and Eunice Willson (1912–2011) worked for the Navy for several years as a cryptanalyst.[13][14] Russell Willson and his wife, as well as Russell Willson, Jr., are buried together in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland.[1]
Decorations
edit
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Navy Cross |
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Navy Distinguished Service Medal |
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Army Distinguished Service Medal |
Navy Cross citation
editThe President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Commander Russell Willson, United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility in connection with the preparation, handling, and distribution of war codes and for devising a new and very efficient system of such communications during World War I.[15]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b "United States Naval Academy Cemetery and Columbarium" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-03-20.
- ^ a b c "Milestones". Time. Vol. LII, no. 3. 1948-07-19. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
- ^ Howeth, L. S. (1963). "History of Communications--Electronics in the United States Navy". United States, Government Printing Office, Washington. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
- ^ Kahn, David (1996). The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet, p. 387. Scribner. ISBN 0-684-83130-9.
- ^ "Alumni's Impressive Record Subject of Bldg. 10 Exhibit" (PDF). The Tech. 1944-03-10. p. 1. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
- ^ Who Was Who in America
- ^ a b Who was Who in America
- ^ a b "A Brief History of the United States Naval Academy". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
- ^ Doan, Lurita (2 August 2009). "On race, Harvard still must learn" (Newspaper editorial). Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2019.; Fisher, Donald M. (2002). Lacrosse: A History of the Game. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6938-2.; Gup, Ted (12 December 2004). "Southern Discomfort" (Newspaper article). Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001) [1947]. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I, The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939 - May 1943. First Illinois Paperback. p. 116.
- ^ J.A. Furer, Administration of the Navy Department in World War II (Washington: GPO, 1969), p. 129.
- ^ "Appendix C PRINCIPALS AT THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES JANUARY 1943-SEPTEMBER 1944". Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1943-1944. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. 1990 [1959]. CMH Pub 1-4. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
- ^ a b Rice, Eunice Willson: "The Memoirs of Eunice Willson Rice", 2001
- ^ Edwin T. Layton, Roger Pineau, and John Costello (1985). And I was there: Pearl Harbor and Midway: Breaking the Secrets, p. 50. William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-04883-8.
- ^ "Russell Willson". Hall of Valor. Military Times. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
Further reading
edit- Schmidt, Raymond P., "From Code-Making to Policy-Making: Four Decades in the Memorable Career of Russell Willson," Prologue, 48 (Summer 2016), 24–35.