Quercus lobata, commonly called the valley oak or roble, is the largest of the California oaks. It is endemic to the state, growing in interior valleys and foothills from Siskiyou to San Diego counties.[4] Deciduous, it requires year-round groundwater,[5][6] and may live up to 600 years. Its thick, ridged bark (resembling alligator hide) and deeply lobed leaves are characteristic, and assist in identification.
| Quercus lobata | |
|---|---|
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| Valley Oak near Mount Diablo, with mistletoe | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | Quercus |
| Subgenus: | Quercus subg. Quercus |
| Section: | Quercus sect. Quercus |
| Species: | Q. lobata
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| Binomial name | |
| Quercus lobata | |
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| Natural range of Quercus lobata | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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List
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Description
editThe valley oak may surpass 30 meters (98 feet) in height, with a sturdy trunk possibly exceeding 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. The "Henley Oak", in Covelo, California, is the tallest known valley oak, at 47 m (153 ft).[7][8]
The branches have an irregular, spreading and arching appearance. During autumn, the leaves turn a yellow to light orange color but become brown later in the season. In advancing age, the branches droop. The trees have pewter-colored rippled bark.[9]
Typically, the leaves are 5–10 centimeters (2–4 inches) long and are roundly and deeply lobed. The leaf width is approximately one half its length. Each leaf is matte green with an underneath pale green appearance; moreover, the leaf is covered with abundant soft fuzz, yielding an almost velvety feeling. When a fresh leaf is rubbed or broken, an aromatic scent is exuded, evoking a forest odor. The wood is a dull brown approaching yellow.[9][10]
The acorns are medium to dark brown and range from 2 to 3 cm (3⁄4 to 1+1⁄4 in) in length. The caps have deep stippling and are found most often as singlets, but occasionally as doublets. The acorns ripen from October to November.[10] Viable acorns germinate in their first winter, and none remain by mid-winter.
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Trunk fork and bark -
Acorn and leaves -
Mature valley oak on a hillside -
Leaves -
Leaves with spined turbaned gall wasp
Taxonomy
editValley oak is of the white oak evolutionary lineage, which is officially known as the subgenus Lepidobalanus. This subgenus comprises numerous oaks from California and elsewhere, which species share similar leaves, acorns, bark and wood pulp. Early settlers used a variety of common names for the valley oak including: white oak, bottom oak, swamp oak, water oak and mush oak. The Spaniards, because the tree looked like the white oaks in Europe, called the tree "roble".
The Concow tribe call the acorns lō-ē’ (Konkow language).[11]
Distribution and habitat
editValley oak tolerates cool wet winters and hot dry summers, but requires abundant water. It is most abundant in rich deep soils of valley floors below 600 meters (2000 feet) in elevation. Valley oak is found in dense riparian forests, open foothill woodlands and valley savannas. Commonly associated trees are coast live oak, interior live oak, blue oak, California black walnut, California sycamore and gray pine.[12]
The valley oak is widely distributed in: the California Central Valley; many smaller valleys such as the San Fernando Valley (original Spanish place-name from oak savannah), Conejo Valley, and Santa Ynez Valley; the Inner Coast Ranges south of the Eel River; and the Transverse Ranges from the Tehachapi Mountains to the Simi Hills, Santa Susana Mountains. It is also present on Santa Cruz Island and Catalina Island in the Pacific Ocean. Some of the most picturesque stands are found in Sonoma Valley, Round Valley in Mendocino County and the southern Salinas Valley near the up-river reaches of the Salinas River.[4][12]
Ecology
editLike many oaks, valley oaks can tolerate wildfires. Although smaller individuals may be top-killed, most resprout from the root crown.[13]
A variety of mammals and birds eat the acorns, including the acorn woodpecker, California scrub jay, yellow-billed magpie, and California ground squirrel.[10] The acorns are also attacked by bruchid beetles, but can survive moderate levels of infestation.[14]
Globular galls up to several centimeters in diameter are frequently attached to twigs of mature specimens of valley oak. These house the larval stage of small indigenous wasps Andricus quercuscalifornicus. A related wasp species, A. kingi, produces small galls shaped like Hershey's kisses on leaf surfaces. The valley oak is the only known food plant of Chionodes petalumensis caterpillars.
Uses
editThe acorns are sweet and edible; Native Americans including the Southern Paiute people roasted them and ground the edible portion into meal to make into bread and mush.[15][16]
Difficulties in acquiring valley oak wood as well as issues stemming from its drying such as cracking and warping have shifted its consumption from a general purpose lumber to a primarily niche product.[10] Valley oak wood has a small, but significant market for use in cabinetry though, and is also suitable for hardwood flooring.[10] Tyloses present in the pores of valley oak wood increase its impermeability to fluids allowing it to be used in the production of water-tight vessels.[10] Such vessels include wine barrels where valley oak wood sees limited role in the composition of and where it has similar properties to other white oaks such as a reduced tannin load compared to the red oaks and an open grain that allows for an increased transfer of oxygen.[10]
Observational history
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In 1792, the English explorer George Vancouver noted on his expedition through the Santa Clara Valley, after seeing an expanse of valley oaks:
For about twenty miles it could only be compared to a park which had originally been closely planted with the true old English oak; the underwood, that had probably attended its early growth, had the appearance of having been cleared away and left the stately lords of the forest in complete possession of the soil which was covered with luxuriant foliage.[17]
In the year 1861, William Henry Brewer, the chief botanist for the first California Geological Survey wrote of the valley oaks that he saw in Monterey County:
First I passed through a wild canyon, then over hills covered with oats, with here and there trees—oaks and pines. Some of these oaks were noble ones indeed. How I wish one stood in our yard at home....I measured one [valley oak] with wide spreading and cragged branches, that was 26.5 feet in circumference. Another had a diameter of over six feet, and the branches spread over 75 feet each way. I lay beneath its shade a little while before going on.[17]
The Hooker Oak of Chico, California, was once considered the largest-known valley oak. When it fell on May 1, 1977, it was nearly 30 m (100 ft) and 8.8 m (29 ft) in circumference at 2.4 m (8 ft) from the ground.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Beckman, E.; Jerome, D. (2017). "Quercus lobata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61983021A61983023. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T61983021A61983023.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Née, Luis (1801). Anales de Ciencias Naturales. Vol. 3. p. 277–278: diagnosis in Latin, description in Spanish.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ "Quercus lobata". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ a b "Quercus lobata". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
- ^ Pavlik, B.M.; Muick, P; Johnson, S; Popper, M (1992). Oaks of California. Cachuma Press. ISBN 978-0-9628505-1-6.
- ^ Sawyer, John O; Keeler-Wolf, Todd (1995). A manual of California Vegetation. California Native Plant Society. p. 312.
- ^ "American Forests". americanforests.org. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
- ^ "Towering tree on Fetzer ranch has inspired awe for centuries". Retrieved 2015-12-21.
- ^ a b Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus lobata". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b c d e f g Howard, Janet L. (1992). "Quercus lobata". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
- ^ Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 406. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ a b Griffin, JR; Critchfield, WB (1972). The Distribution of Forest Trees in California. Berkeley: Pacific Southwest Forest Station and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ Holmes, K.A.; K.E. Veblen; A.M. Berry; T.P. Young (2011). "Effects of prescribed fires on planted valley oak saplings at a research restoration site in the Sacramento Valley". Restoration Ecology. 19: 118–125. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00529.x. S2CID 13059876.
- ^ Hobbs, T.; T.P. Young (2001). "Growing Valley Oak". Ecological Restoration. 19 (3): 165–171. doi:10.3368/er.19.3.165. S2CID 88931543.
- ^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 405. ISBN 0394507614.
- ^ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 25. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
- ^ a b Balls, EK (1972). Early Uses of California Plants. University of California Press, Berkeley.
External links
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- Jepson Manual treatment
- Quercus lobata in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley