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Link to original content: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli
Pirelli - Wikipedia
Wikipedia

Pirelli

Not to be confused with V-Rally.

Pirelli & C. S.p.A. is an Italian multinational tyre manufacturer based in the city of Milan, Italy. The company, which has been listed on the Borsa Italiana since 1922,[3] is the 6th-largest tyre manufacturer,[4] and is focused on the consumer production of tyres for cars, motorcycles and bicycles. It is present in Europe, the Asia-Pacific, Latin America, North America, and the post-Soviet states, operating commercially in over 160 countries. It has 19 manufacturing sites,[5] across 13 countries, and a network of around 14,600 distributors and retailers.[6] In 2015, China National Chemical Corp. Ltd. (ChemChina) took controlling interest of Pirelli; with the Chinese state-owned company agreeing to maintain the tyre company's ownership structure until 2023.

Pirelli & C. S.p.A.
Company typePublic
BIT: PIRC
ISINIT0005278236
IndustryAutomotive
Founded28 January 1872; 152 years ago (1872-01-28)
Milan, Italy
FounderGiovanni Battista Pirelli
Headquarters
Milan
,
Italy 45°31′10″N 9°12′40″E / 45.5195317°N 9.2111299°E / 45.5195317; 9.2111299
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
ProductsTyres for cars, motorcycles, and bicycles
Revenue€6,615.7 million (2022)
€595.6 million (2022)
€435.9 million (2022)
Total assets€13.897 billion (2022)
Total equity€5.454 billion (2022)
Owners
  • Marco Polo International Italy S.r.l. (ChemChina) (37.01%) (China)
  • Investitori istituzionali italiani (27.32%) (Italy)[1]
  • Camfin S.p.A. (Marco Tronchetti Provera) (14.1%) (Italy)
  • Silk Road Fund (9.02%) (China)
  • Tacticum Investment S.A. (5.64%)
  • LongMarch (3.68%) (China)


Number of employees
31,301 (2022)
SubsidiariesPirelli Tyre S.p.A.
Websitepirelli.com/global/en-ww/homepage
Footnotes / references
[2]

Pirelli has been sponsoring sport competitions since 1907 and is the exclusive tyre partner and supplier for the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series for 2008–2010, FIA Formula One World Championship for 2011–present and for the FIM World Superbike Championship.[7] Pirelli's headquarters are located in Milan's Bicocca district. Pirelli is now solely a tyre manufacturing company. In the past, it had been involved in fashion and operated in renewable energy and sustainable mobility.

On 4 October 2017, Pirelli returned to the Milan Stock Exchange[8] after focusing its business on pure consumer products (tyres for car, motorcycles, and bicycles) and related services, and separating the business of industrial tyre.[9] Pirelli's eponymous calendar has been published since 1964, and has featured the contributions of many famous photographers over the years such as Helmut Newton, Steve McCurry, Peter Lindbergh, Richard Avedon, Bruce Weber, Herb Rits, and Annie Leibovitz. The company's US-based headquarters are located in Rome, Georgia.

History

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Founded in Milan in 1872 by Giovanni Battista Pirelli (1848–1932), the company initially specialised in rubber and derivative processes and also made scuba diving rebreathers and dry suits used by Italian frogmen during World War II.[10][11][12] Thereafter, Pirelli's activities were primarily focused on the production of tyre and cables (for energy and telecommunications). In 2005, Pirelli sold its cable division to Goldman Sachs, which changed the new group's name to Prysmian. In the 1950s, Alberto Pirelli commissioned the building of a skyscraper, Pirelli Tower, in the same Milanese area that housed the very first Pirelli factory during the 19th century.[13]

In 1974, Pirelli invented the "wide radial tyre", upon a request from the Lancia rally racing team for a tyre strong enough to withstand the power of the new Lancia Stratos. At that time, racing tyres were either slick tyres made with the cross ply technique (very wide tyres with a reduced sidewall height), or radial tyres, which were too narrow to withstand the Stratos' power and did not provide enough grip. Both were unusable for the Lancia Stratos, as the radials were destroyed within 10 km, and the slicks too stiff. Lancia asked Pirelli for a solution, and in 1975 Pirelli created a wide tyre with a reduced sidewall height like a slick but with a radial structure. Subsequently, Porsche started using the same tyres with the Porsche 911 Turbo. In 1988, Pirelli acquired the Armstrong Rubber Company, which was headquartered in New Haven, Connecticut, US for $190 million.[14]

In 2000, Pirelli sold its terrestrial fibre optic cables business to Cisco and its optical components operations to Corning, for 5 billion euro.[15] It invested, through Olimpia, part of the resulting liquidity to become a majority shareholder in Telecom Italia in 2001,[16] maintaining this position until 2007.[17] In 2002 the company started a range of Pirelli-branded clothing, watches and eyewear.[18] In 2005, Pirelli sold its Cables, Energy Systems and Telecommunications assets to Goldman Sachs[19] and the newly formed company was named Prysmian. In the same year, 2005, Pirelli opened its first tyre production plant in Shandong province, China.[20] This was the beginning of the group's production complex in the country. In 2006, Pirelli chose Slatina for its first tyre production plant in Romania, expanding the facility in 2011.[21]

In 2010, Pirelli completed its conversion to a pure tyre company by selling Pirelli Broadband Solutions[22] and spinning off the real estate assets of Pirelli Re.[23] Fondazione Pirelli was established in the same year to safeguard and celebrate the company's past and to promote business culture as an integral part of Italy's national cultural assets. In March 2015, it was announced that Pirelli shareholders had accepted a €7.1 billion bid from ChemChina, together with Camfin and LTI, for the company.[24] The transaction was completed and the company was delisted in November 2015.[25] In May 2017, it was announced that Pirelli returns to the world of cycling with a new road cycling tyre range, P ZERO Velo.[26] In September 2017, the company announced its intentions to sell up to 40 per cent of its equity capital in an initial public offering as it plans to return to the Milan stock exchange in October.[27] In March 2019 Pirelli announced a new range of mountain biking tyres, called Scorpion. In 2021, Pirelli introduced 18-inch tyres for the new aerodynamic and technical changes for 2022 in Formula One.[28] As of May 2024, Pirelli has a market capitalisation of $6.69 billion. On May 29, 2024 Silk Road Fund began the total sale of its shareholding.[29] On May 30, 2024, the share price fell as a result of the sale of the entire stake of Silk Road Fund. While Tronchetti Provera's Camfin strengthened its shareholding together with other Italian investors.[30]

Business areas

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  • Pirelli is focused on the consumer business, producing tyres for cars, motorcycles, and bicycles.

Car products range

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  • P ZERO: Tyres for ultra-high performance cars. P ZERO branding is used for dry weather Formula One tyres, along with other racing tyres.
  • Cinturato: Tyres for high-end cars. Cinturato branding is used for wet-weather Formula One tyres.
  • Sottozero: Winter tyres for high-end cars. Sottozero branding is used for WRC tyres.
  • Carrier: Tyres for vans.
  • Ice: Tyres designed for extremely low temperatures.
  • Scorpion: Tyres for SUV and cross-over.

Moto products range

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  • Diablo: Road and track tyres.
  • Angel: Street and commuting tyres.
  • Scorpion: Road and off-road tyres.

Velo products range

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  • P ZERO Velo: Road racing.
  • Cycl-e: Urban and electric.
  • Scorpion: Mountain bike.
  • Cinturato: Gravel.

Corporate affairs

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Major shareholders

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Pirelli shareholders as of December 2022:[2]

Shareholder Stake %
Marco Polo International Italy (an intermediate holding company for Sinochem) 37.015%
Camfin S.P.A 14.096%
Silk Road Fund 9.021%
Brembo 5.58%
Tacticum Investments S.A 4.271%
Longmarch Holding S.à.r.l 3.680%
Next Investment SRL 0.420%

Board of directors

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The list of Pirelli Board of Directors:[2]

Position Name
Chairman Li Fanrong
Executive Vice Chairman and CEO Marco Tronchetti Provera
Deputy-CEO Giorgio Luca Bruno
Director Yang Shihao
Director Wang Feng
Independent Director Paola Boromei
Independent Director Domenico De Sole
Independent Director Roberto Diacetti
Independent Director Fan Xiaohua
Independent Director Giovanni Lo Storto
Independent Director Marisa Pappalardo
Independent Director Tao Haisu
Director Giovanni Tronchetti Provera
Independent Director Wei Yintao
Director Zhang Haitao

Marketing

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The Pirelli Calendar is published annually, featuring actresses and fashion models. The calendar also features the work of fashion photographers, including Richard Avedon, Peter Lindbergh, Annie Leibovitz, and Patrick Demarchelier. The Pirelli Internetional Award is given annually for the best international multimedia involving the communication of science and technology conducted entirely on the Internet. "Power is nothing without control" was the well-known slogan of Pirelli Tyre Company, and was featured in numerous television and print advertisements.[31] Pirelli is the long-serving main sponsor of Italian football club Inter Milan, having sponsored the Italian team since the 1995–96 season.[32]

Sponsorship

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Football

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Pirelli has a history of sponsoring football teams. Pirelli is well known for its long-term primary sponsorship of the Italian football club Inter Milan between 1995 and 2021. Pirelli previously appeared as a sponsor on the shirts of the Maltese football club Valletta for a short time. In reference to Brazil striker Ronaldo’s usual goal celebration of both arms outstretched, Pirelli ran a 1998 commercial in which he replaced the figure of Christ from the Christ the Redeemer statue that towers over his home city of Rio de Janeiro while in an Inter Milan strip.[33] It was controversial with the Catholic Church.[34]

Pirelli's sponsorship of football teams is not limited to Europe, South America is a key market and as a result, successful clubs have also been sponsored by the tyre company. The Brazilian team Palmeiras, Uruguayan team Peñarol and Argentinian side Vélez Sársfield all had Pirelli as a shirt sponsor. When English football club Burton Albion Football Club built their new stadium in 2005, Pirelli became the title sponsor of the new ground. This was because the new stadium, named Pirelli Stadium lies next to the Pirelli factory in Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, England. In 2009, Pirelli became the title sponsor of the Chinese Super League (CSL), China's top-tier football league. In 2012, the company became a major sponsor of the Russian Cup.

Motorsport

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Pirelli is the event title sponsor of the Spanish and Hungarian Grands Prix and sponsored the 2018 French Grand Prix. The company was the title sponsor of the Pirelli World Challenge from 2011 to 2018. Pirelli supported rally with their FIA Pirelli Star Driver program as an initiative to support young rally drivers.[35] It was the sole supplier in the top tier of World Rally Championship in 2008–2010, and is now a co-supplier with Michelin. Since its first involvement in WRC in 1973, the manufacturer won 181 events, and produced 25 WRC Driver Champions including Colin McRae (1995), Petter Solberg (2003), Sebastien Loeb (2008–2010).[36] Pirelli would again become the sole tyre supplier in all three tiers in 2021.[36] Pirelli has also been a sponsor of rally and the late gymkhana driver Ken Block's Hoonigan Racing Division since 2010.

America's Cup

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Pirelli was sponsor of Emirates Team New Zealand in the 35th America's Cup (2017).[37]

Winter Sports

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Pirelli sponsored Alpine World Ski Championship and Ice Hockey World Championship IIHF from 2017 to 2021.[38] The company is also sponsor of the Italian Ski Team and of the Swiss Ski Team.[39]

Baseball

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Pirelli also was a sponsor of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball from 2014 to 2020.[40][41]

Motorsport

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Pirelli was the official tyre partner and supplier of the World Rally Championship from 2008 to 2010 until the company withdrew to focus on its Formula One commitments. Pirelli returned to the championship in 2014, albeit only partnering tyres for a few private teams as Michelin was the major tyre partner and supplier. Pirelli stepped up their involvement in the championship when they signed a deal to supply tyres to all Junior WRC participants, with its champions receiving a Ford Fiesta R5 with free tyres, fuel and free rally registration package for the next season's World Rally Championship-2.[42] Pirelli subsequently returned full time to the WRC since 2021 season.[43] Pirelli was also partnered Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series from 2008 until 2010 before being replaced by Continental AG in 2011. The company has been the official supplier of the GT World Challenge America since 2011 and the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup since 2013.

Formula One

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Pirelli has been the sole tyre supplier in Formula One since 2011 following Bridgestone's decision to withdraw from the role at the end of 2010.[44] Pirelli previously competed in Formula One from 1950–1958, 1981–1986 and 1989–1991. Pirelli also supplies tyres for the FIA Formula 2 Championship (formerly GP2 Series), FIA Formula 3 Championship (formerly GP3 Series) and F1 Academy, that form the feeder series to Formula One.[45] Pirelli's deal is due to end after the 2027 Formula One World Championship.[46]

The Italian tyre manufacturer introduced a colour coding system to help identify the tyre compounds used by drivers during races. Each compound has its own colour, which appears on the sidewalls of the tyre. Since the 2019 season, Pirelli has used three colours to identify its dry-weather P Zero tyres: white for hard, yellow for medium, and red for soft. As well as the dry-weather slick tyres, there are two wet-weather grooved tyres: green for the intermediate and blue for the full wet. These tyres are branded Cinturato, a name that dates back to the 1950s. At the start of Pirelli's Formula One tenure in 2011, the company was given the technically challenging task of designing tyres that degraded rapidly in order to promote more pit stops and overtaking,[47] with the aim of making the races more exciting and entertaining. However, the brief from the sport's organisers has changed over the years, as the cars themselves evolved with the introduction of the turbo hybrid era in 2014.

Pirelli has faced controversy on a number of occasions in Formula One, especially during the 2013 British Grand Prix, which featured multiple tyre failures. Pirelli subsequently changed the construction of the tyres to prevent further incidents, switching to Kevlar belts.[48] At the 2015 Belgian Grand Prix, a tyre on Sebastian Vettel's Ferrari suffered from a blowout at 320 km/h (200 mph). Immediately after the race Pirelli claimed that excessive wear caused the blowout but following a more detailed analysis, the company said that in fact, a cut had caused the tyre failure.[49] A number of major changes to the Formula One tyres were introduced for the 2017 season. The most obvious visual difference was an increase of width by 25%, both front and rear, increasing from 245-mm to 305-mm at the front and 325-mm to 405-mm at the rear. The actual rim size remained unchanged from the traditional 13 inches. The faster cornering speeds as a result of this change imposed significantly increased loads on the tyres. Pirelli was consequently asked to produce tyres with less degradation that were more resistant to overheating, for the fastest cars in Formula One history.[50]

A far-reaching alteration to the Formula One technical regulations for 2022, covering every aspect of the car, prompted another significant change to the tyres. With an imminent move to 18-inch rims after more than 50 years of the 13-inch size,[51] Pirelli's 2022 tyres maintain the same tread width as before, but diameter has increased from 660 millimetres to 720 millimetres. The sidewall height is also reduced to give the tyres a more modern low-profile look.

Superbike World Championship

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Pirelli is the only allowed tyre brand in the FIM Superbike World Championship since 2007 (along with its support classes, such as the Supersport World Championship). Pirelli has also been awarded the contract for the control tyre supply in the British Superbike Championship from 2008 until at least 2010.[52]

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

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Pirelli officially replaces Dunlop as the sole tire supplier for Moto3 and Moto2 starting in 2024. This was announced by Dorna Sports via the official MotoGP website. The Pirelli and Dorna contract has a duration of three seasons.

Speedboats

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Pirelli has partnered with Italian Boat Manufacture Sacs Tecnorib Spa to create the Pirelli Rigid inflatable Boat. They have models ranging from 30 to 50 feet, including small tenders (X and J Models).[53]

Their most recent and popular collaboration has been with German Luxury Car Tuner Mansory. The new collaboration has been showcased to the public at the 2024 Cannes Boat Show and 2024 Genoa Boat Show.

Overseas investment

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In April 2012, Pirelli & C. SpA signed a joint venture agreement with Indonesian counterpart PT Astra Autoparts a subsidiary of PT Astra International for the construction of a motorcycle tyre plant with a total investment of $120 million. 60 per cent of shares will be held by Pirelli. Pirelli hoped to strengthen its presence in the largest motorcycle market in the world, Southeast Asia which has 250 million motorcycles.[54]

Audio system

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In July 2018, Pirelli launched a Formula One wheel-shaped Bluetooth speaker, P Zero Sound.[55] The Bluetooth speaker measures 330-millimetre (12.9 in) in diameter, weighs 9.5 kg (21 pounds) and has a 100-watt amplifier, a 100-millimetre (3.9 in) mid-woofer, a 25-millimetre (0.98 in) tweeter and also offers Bluetooth 4.0 with AptX for wireless connectivity. IXOOST[56] is the manufacturer of P Zero Sound speaker, which majorly manufactures Motorsports-themed audio systems. The wheel-shaped speaker costs €2400, which is equivalent to about $2,800.

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ "Pirelli & C". borsaitaliana.it. borsaitaliana.it. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  2. ^ a b c "Annual Reports 2022". Pirelli. 12 April 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  3. ^ "Pirelli Company Profile" (PDF). Borsa Italiana. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  4. ^ "Largest Tire Manufacturers in the World". Car logos. 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  5. ^ "Pirelli – About us". Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  6. ^ "Pirelli Company Presentation" (PDF). Pirelli. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  7. ^ "Pirelli supply wsbk tyres". Yahoo sport. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  8. ^ Anzolin, Elisa. "Share price fall deflates Pirelli's market comeback". U.K. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  9. ^ "Pirelli separates from industrial tires unit to become "pure consumer tire company" – European Rubber Journal". European Rubber Journal. 4 April 2017. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  10. ^ Coates, J. K.; Kincaid, T. C.; Lanphier, E. H. (28 January 1952). Evaluation of the Pirelli Underwater Oxygen Breathing Equipment for Use in the Naval Service (Technical report). Vol. NEDU-RR-2-52. Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  11. ^ Butler, F. K. Jr. (2004). "Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy". Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society Journal. 31 (1): 9. PMID 15233156.
  12. ^ Bech, Jan-Willem. "Pirelli diving suit". www.therebreathersite.nl. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  13. ^ Terranova, Antonino (2003). Manferto De Fabianis, Valeria (ed.). Skyscrapers (in English and Italian). Vercelli: White Star. ISBN 88-8095-230-7.
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  17. ^ "Tronchetti/Telecom Italia". Financial Times. 14 March 2007. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 31 May 2017.[permanent dead link‍]
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  22. ^ Rebaudo, Stefano; Tutt, Nigel; Holmes, David. "Pirelli to sell broadband ops by end-Oct-source". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
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  24. ^ "ChemChina makes €7.1bn bid for Pirelli". The Guardian. Reuters. 23 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
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  26. ^ "Pirelli returns to cycling with new road tyres". Cyclist. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  27. ^ "Tyremaker Pirelli to sell 40 percent stake in Milan market comeback". Reuters. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  28. ^ "New era in Formula 1: Pirelli introduced 18-inch tires for 2022 cars". Sport-Journal.com. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
  29. ^ "Pirelli: Silk Road avvia cessione 9% capitale, prezzo a sconto 8% su Borsa". ilsole24ore.com. ilsole24ore.com. 29 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  30. ^ "Camfin alza la difesa in Pirelli, ma i cinesi interpellano la Consob. Che cosa accade". milanofinanza.it. milanofinanza.it. 30 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  31. ^ "Power is nothing without control celebrates 25 years | Pirelli". www.pirelli.com. 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
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  33. ^ Colin, Gianluigi (21 June 2017). "Pirelli e le metamorfosi della pubblicità". Corriere Della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  34. ^ Squires, Nick (9 June 2014). "World Cup 2014: Brazil furious over Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro in Italian football colours". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  35. ^ Evans, David. "FIA plans major revamp of World Rally Championship ladder by 2019". Autosport. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
  36. ^ a b "WRC History: PIRELLI in the WRC". Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2020 – via www.youtube.com.
  37. ^ "Pirelli boards Team New Zealand". Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  38. ^ "Pirelli and Infront seal five year sponsorship agreement across flagship winter sports events – FIS-SKI". FIS-SKI. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  39. ^ "Pirelli sponsors Alpine World Ski Championship and ice hockey from 2017 to 2021". business.pirelli.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  40. ^ "Take me out to the Ballgame". Pirelli & C. S.p.A. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  41. ^ "Pirelli Extends Relationship With Los Angeles Dodgers As Team Partner". AftermarketNews. Babcox Media. 26 June 2017. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  42. ^ "Pirelli to return to World Rally Championship from 2018". racingspot.pirelli.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  43. ^ "Pirelli wins WRC tyre tender". WRC – World Rally Championship. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  44. ^ "Bridgestone Corporation | News Release". 4 November 2009. Archived from the original on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  45. ^ Formula 1 (18 November 2022). "Formula 1 announces F1 Academy, a new all-female driver series for 2023". Formula 1. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Jogia, Saajan (8 October 2023). "F1 News: Pirelli's New Contract With Formula One To Be Its Last One". F1 Briefings: Formula 1 News, Rumors, Standings and More. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  47. ^ "F1 2011: What's new on the grand prix grid this season". The Guardian. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  48. ^ "Kevlar belt tyres for Germany, new tyres for Hungary · F1 Fanatic". 24 September 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  49. ^ "Pirelli reveals F1 tyre investigation findings from Belgian GP". www.autosport.com. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  50. ^ "F1 to scrap high degradation tyres in 2017 – Pirelli · RaceFans". RaceFans. 15 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  51. ^ "Pirelli's race to develop 18-inch F1 tyres for 2022". Motor Sport Magazine. 6 April 2021. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  52. ^ "British Superbikes 2007". britishsuperbike.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008.
  53. ^ "Pirelli Speedboats Website". Pirelli Speedboats.
  54. ^ "Indonesia welcomes Pirelli, Italian touch for local shoes". 25 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  55. ^ Bruce, Chris (25 July 2018). "Pirelli Design Launches Bluetooth Speaker That Looks Like F1 Wheel". Motor1.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  56. ^ "IXOOST official site". Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
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