Saint Pantaenus the Philosopher (Greek: Πάνταινος; died c. 200)[4] was a Greek theologian and a significant figure in the Catechetical School of Alexandria from around AD 180. This school was the earliest catechetical school, and became influential in the development of Christian theology.
Saint Pantaenus the Philosopher | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Missionary, Philosopher | |
| Born | 2nd century AD Sicily |
| Died | c. 200 Alexandria, Egypt |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church Oriental Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox Church[1] |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Feast | July 7[2][3] |
| Attributes | lecturing from a pulpit |
Philosophy career | |
| Era | Ancient philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Stoicism |
| Institutions | Catechetical School of Alexandria |
Main interests | Christian theology |
Biography
editPantaenus was a Stoic philosopher teaching in Alexandria. He was a native of Sicily.[5] He converted to the Christian faith, and sought to reconcile his new faith with Greek philosophy. His most famous student, Clement,[6] who was his successor as head of the Catechetical School, described Pantaenus as "the Sicilian bee".[7] Although no writings by Pantaenus are extant,[8] his legacy is known by the influence of the Catecheticaar in the early debates on the interpretation of the Bible, the Trinity, and Christology. He was the main supporter of Serapion of Antioch for acting against the influence of Gnosticism.
In addition to his work as a teacher, Eusebius of Caesarea reports that Pantaenus was for a time a missionary,[9] traveling as far as India where, according to Eusebius, he found Christian communities using the Gospel of Matthew written in "Hebrew letters", supposedly left them by the Apostle Bartholomew (and which might have been the Gospel of the Hebrews).[10][11] However, some writers have suggested that having difficulty with the language of Saint Thomas Christians, Pantaenus misinterpreted their reference to Mar Thoma (the Aramaic term meaning Saint Thomas), who is currently credited with bringing Christianity to India in the 1st century[12][13] by the Syrian Churches, as Bar Tolmai (the Hebrew name of Bartholomew). The ancient seaport Muziris on the Malabar Coast (modern-day Kerala in India) was frequented by the Egyptians in the early centuries AD.[14]
Saint Jerome (c. 347 – 30 September 420), apparently relying entirely on Eusebius' evidence from Historia Ecclesiastica, wrote that Pantaenus visited India, “to preach Christ to the Brahmans and philosophers there.”[15] It is unlikely that Jerome has any information about Pantaenus' mission to India that is independent of Eusebius. On the other hand, his claim that "many" of Pantaenus' Biblical commentaries were still extant is probably based on Jerome's own knowledge.
His feast day as July 7.[2][16][3]
The Coptic synaxarium mentions "Pantaenus and Clement" in its entry regarding the return of the relics of St Mark the Apostle by Pope Paul VI of Rome on 15 Paoni[17][18][19] but does not assign Pantaenus any specific feast date.
19th century and modern study on Pantaenus
editThe Universalist Church of America historian J. W. Hanson, and Catholic patristic scholar Illaria Ramelli argued that Pantaenus taught universalism to Clement of Alexandria and Origen[20][21] However, scholar Andrew C. Itter argues that Clement of Alexandria's supposed "universalism" had tension between salvation and free will,[22] and that he may have not embraced a strict apokatastasis. Which puts the claim of J. W. Hanson and Illaria Ramelli at question.
References
edit- ^ "Orthodox Calendar. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church, a parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow". www.holytrinityorthodox.com.
- ^ a b "Saint Pantaenus, Father of the Church. July 7. Rev. Alban Butler. 1866. Volume VII: July. The Lives of the Saints". www.bartleby.com.
- ^ a b "Saint Pantaenus, Doctor of the Church and Apostle to the Indies".
- ^ "As he was succeeded by Clement who left Alexandria about 203, the probable date of his death would be about 200. " (Catholic Encyclopedia)
- ^ Alban Butler; Paul Burns. Butler's Lives of the Saints, Volume 7. A&C Black. p. 48.
- ^ Cf. Article "Clement of Alexandria" in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Ed. George Menachery, Vol. II, 1973, p. 201
- ^ Clement, Stromata, 1.1.
- ^ Although Lightfoot (Apost. Fathers, 488), and Batiffol (L'église naissante, 3rd ed., 213ff) attribute the concluding passages of the Epistle to Diognetius to Pantaeus; see "Pantaenus" in The Westminster Dictionary of Christian History, ed. Jerald Brauer.
- ^ Cf. Article "Christian Influences on Hinduism before the European Period" by P. Thomas in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol. II, 1973, pp. 177 et. sq.
- ^ Church History by Eusebius. Book V Chapter 10. Pantaenus the Philosopher.
- ^ Article by S. S. Koder, "History of the Jews in Kerala", in the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol. II, 1973, pp. 183 ff.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2008. p. 285. ISBN 978-0802824172.
- ^ The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. ISBN 9652781797.
- ^ Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. Ed. by Edward Balfour (1871), Second Edition. Volume 2. p. 584.
- ^ De viris illustribus 36
- ^ "Pantaenus, St. | Encyclopedia.com".
- ^ "Paona 15 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium – CopticChurch.net".
- ^ Egypt, Michael Ghaly. "15 Baounah – Paonah Month – Coptic Synaxarium (Coptic Orthodox Calendar: Daily Synaxarion) | St. Takla.org". st-takla.org.
- ^ "The Blessed Month of Baounah". www.copticplace.com.
- ^ Ramelli, Illaria. The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis. pp. 108–110.
- ^ J. W. Hanson. Universalism: The Prevailing Doctrine of the Christian Church p. 49 "Pantænus was martyred AD 216. The Universalism of Clement, Origen and their successors must, beyond question, have been taught by their great predecessor, Pantænus, and there is every reason to believe that the Alexandrine school had never known any contrary teaching from its foundation"
- ^ Itter, Andrew C. Esoteric teaching in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria 2009 p. 181 "... universal salvation and hinges on the tension between an individual soul's freedom to refuse the chastisements of God, ... universal capacity to save all things. It is a tension between the soul's autonomy and universal salvation"
External links
edit- "St. Pantænus, Father of the Church", Butler's Lives of the Saints
- Saint Bartholomew Mission in India – Mission of Pantaenus in India
- Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. "Saint Pantaenus"
- Saint Pantaenus in For all the Saints