Malana is an ancient Indian village in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The only village in the Malana Nala, a side valley of the Parvati Valley northeast of the Kullu Valley, it is isolated from the rest of the world. The peaks of Chanderkhani and Deo Tibba shadow the village. It is situated on a remote plateau by the torrential Malana river, at a height of 2,652 metres (8,701 ft) above sea level. Malana has its own lifestyle and social structure, and people are strict in following their customs. Malana has been the subject of various documentaries, including Malana: Globalization of a Himalayan Village.[4] and Malana, A Lost Identity.[5] The existing speakers of the autochthonous language Kanashi, the traditional language of the inhabitants of Malana, number approximately 1700. According to the 1961 census, the language speakers were then 563, but today the population of Malana is at least three times as large as 40 years ago.[6] The most common route to the village is by taxi or bus from Jhari. Roads to Malana Village trekking gate are developed.
Malana | |
|---|---|
Village | |
 | |
  Malana Location in Himachal Pradesh, India  Malana Malana (India) | |
| Coordinates: 32°03′46″N 77°15′38″E / 32.06278°N 77.26056°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Himachal Pradesh |
| Population (July 2017[1]) | |
• Total | 4,700 |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Hindi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
As per the village's strong custom, outsiders are prohibited from physically touching anything in the village, including its people and temples, a rule punishable with a fine of ₹2,500 to ₹3,500. As for the villagers, one may rush to take bath once they touched an outsider.[2] Shops may ask visitors to leave money on the floor in exchange for goods to not touch one another. Villagers strictly keep up with this custom to "preserve the 'purity' of the village".[3]
History
editAccording to local legends, Jamlu rishi (sage) inhabited this place and made rules and regulations. The locals claim it was one of the oldest democracies of the world, with a well-organized parliamentary system, guided by their devta (deity) Jamlu rishi.[7] Although Jamlu is currently identified with a sage from the Puranas, this is a relatively recent development. Jamlu is believed to have been worshipped in pre-Aryan times. G. M. Young and Penelope Chetwood recount a tale about an orthodox Brahmin priest, who visited Malana, and tried to educate the locals about the pedigree of their god, but had to leave while confessing to not knowing who Jamlu was.[8][9].
Malana has been called ‘one of the oldest democracies’ in the world.[10][11] The villagers believe that they are descendants of the soldiers of Alexander the Great who got stranded here on account of injuries. [12]
A dam project, the Malana Hydro Power Station, has brought Malana much closer to the rest of the world and provides revenue for the region. A new road has shortened the walking time from several days to just 4 hours. On 5 January 2008, a raging fire in the village, which burnt for more than 5 hours, destroyed cultural structures and parts of ancient temples located in the village.[13] In 2017, the village ordered the closure of approximately a dozen guest houses and restaurants, ostensibly on the orders of the deity Jamlu.[1]
Government
editAlthough the village is situated in Himachal Pradesh, India, people of this village do not consider them to be a part of India. They have their own judiciary system as well. The village is governed by a bicameral parliament, consisting of lower house called the Kanishthang and an upper house called the Jayeshthang.[1] The current panchayat is Bhagi Ram.[1]
Language
editThe residents of Malana speak Kanashi/Raksh (supposedly the dialect of people residing there long ago),[14] which is understood only by the villagers. "Kanashi, the language of Malana, does not resemble any of the dialects spoken in its neighbourhood but seems to be a mixture of Sanskrit and several Tibetan dialects."[15] Ethnologue classifies Malana as a Tibetan-Burmese language, rather than as a member of the Indo-European languages,[16] and notes that Kanashi has no intelligibility with any Tibeto-Burman language of Kinnaur"[16] although Malana is surrounded by Indo-Aryan language speaking populations.[citation needed]
Economy
editThe economy of Malana was traditionally based on making baskets, ropes and slippers from hemp.[1] Marijuana was cultivated as a legal cash crop for centuries.[17] Beginning in the 1980s, Malana became a destination for recreational drug tourism.[1] The village also produces maize and potatoes.[1] While tourism is now a major source of income for the village, tourists can only stay outside of the village in cafes like The Marley Shed, Baba Cafe, Cafe Rudra, and more, but not inside the village or in homesteads which was previously allowed.
Culture and lifestyle
edit
The village administration is democratic and is believed, by locals, to be the oldest republic of the world.[18]
Despite being a part of the Kullu valley, there is a myth that the Malanis have very distinct physical features, and a dialect which is different from the rest of the valley. However, in the valleys of Himachal, there are a significant number of distinct Pahari dialects, some of them totally different from each other. Hence the physical/lingual uniqueness cannot be proven, given the inaccessibility of the Malana people, except for the trade of Marijuana / Hashish in the Parvati valley.
Jamblu Devta
editThe social structure of Malana in fact rests on villagers' unshaken faith in their powerful deity, Jamblu Devta. The entire administration of the village is controlled by him through a village council. This council has eleven members and they are believed to be delegates of Jamblu who govern the village in his name. His decision is ultimate in any dispute and any outsider authority is never required. Thus Malana has been named the Athens of the Himalayas.[19][better source needed]
Jamlu is invoked through a villager serving as an oracle.[1] The deity Jamalu is known as Rishi Jamdagni.
The tale of the Brahmin priest
editA tale involving Jamlu and Malana was recounted by the villagers to the English historian G. M. Young when he visited it in 1911. A Brahmin priest (pandit) brought Jamlu's supposed true lineage (said to be Jamadagni) to the village of Malana, written on a piece of parchment. The villagers suggested that he lay it on the temple to see if Jamlu recognizes it, whereupon the spirit of the god supposedly incarnated into a crowd of men (called 'Ra Deo') and started to rave and gibber which bewildered the Brahmin. Nevertheless, he went into the temple with one of the Malana hosts clad in only a loincloth and carrying the parchment. Inside the temple, the Brahmin became paralyzed and speechless and had to be dragged out by his companion. Neither of them would say what happened inside the temple, but the Brahmin supposedly tore up the parchment and left, confessing to not knowing who Jamlu was.[8]
Young believes that the Brahmin in the story (if it was factual) actually succeeded in his goal of incorporating Jamlu into the Hindu pantheon, despite the contempt of it shown by the villagers. Jamlu is sometimes referred to by the alternative name of "Jamdaggan", and his supposed older brother Gaiphan, is also called "Jagamdamb", both are seemingly variants of Jamadagni. Moreover, the youngest son of Jamadagni, Parashurama, exists as a deity in one of the nearby villages and is also acknowledged as a son of Jamlu. While Young still believes that Jamlu and the other local deities of Kullu originate from older indigenous gods, he also noted that over time, they syncretized with Hindu elements and their original names were lost to history.[8]
The Akbar-Jamlu legend
editAnother tale involving Jamlu was also told to G.M. Young in 1911, involving the origins of religious images allegedly sent to Malana by Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire. The images are said to be taken out once a year during the festival of Jamlu in the month of Phaggan, though what the images depict is unknown.[8]
The tale begins with a sadhu visiting Malana on a pilgrimage. And on his departure, he was given a blanket and a small sum of money from Jamlu's treasury, as was customary. The sadhu journeyed onwards to Delhi, whereupon part of the sacred money was taken from him as tax for entrance into the city. This sacrilege supposedly angered Jamlu, and Akbar was stricken with a disease (allegedly leprosy).[8]
Realizing the disease was supernatural in origin, Akbar consulted his mullahs, but they could not help. He then consulted the Brahmins, who told him of the exact cause of his affliction. They told him that the disease would continue until the sacred money that was taken was found and returned to Malana. Akbar asked for the value that was taken, and the Brahmins said that it was only two paisa. Akbar protested that it would be impossible to find such a small amount in his treasury, but the Brahmins nevertheless urged him to try and do so.[8]
Akbar miraculously found the two coins stuck together among the coins in his treasury. The Brahmins instructed him to make a pilgrimage to Malana to return the coins. But being unable to make the long and strenuous journey, Akbar instead sent a golden statue of himself, his horses, and his elephants in his stead. This placated Jamlu, and Akbar's disease was cured.[8]
This story is reenacted in Malana on the 12th of Phaggan. The images were said to be paraded to a grove, where a small stone is embedded on the ground to mark the place where Jamlu waited to receive the emperor's homage.[8]
Young believes the tale is based on some truth, due to the existence of the images. Though whether it really involved Akbar is unlikely, since his role in the story has no special significance attached to it. Young believes that the images and the ritual involving them originate from a much older date.[8]
Hellenic connection
editThere are various legends about their origin. According to one of them, it is believed that they are the descendants of Greek soldiers of Alexander's army. As the legend goes, some soldiers took refuge in this remote land after Alexander left the country and later settled there permanently. This myth is however disputed without substantial historical evidence[3] and because there are those who claim that it is the valley of Kalash, in Pakistan that is actually the area in which Alexander the Great's soldiers took refuge. This legend is also inconsistent with the legendary descent of the local people from Indo-Aryans who would pre-date Alexander the Great's soldiers by approximately a thousand years. Recent genetic typing of the Malani population is much more consistent with an Indo-Aryan origin with a large proportion of Y-DNA haplotypes J2 and R1a which are the haplotypes of majority of Indians, North or South in South Asia rather than with a Greek origin which would have a different characteristic mix of Y-DNA haplotypes such as R2b.[18] J2 and R1a are paternal lineages found in more than 20% and 40% of population of North/South India but are rare in Mediterranean societies like Greece.
Temples
editThe village has several ancient temples. (1) Jamlu temple, built in Kathkuni style, with wooden carving and deer heads[13] (2) Rukmini temple
Malana Cream
editMalana is famous for its “Malana Cream”, a product made from cannabis plants which grow in the Parvati valley.[20][1] Malana cream is regarded as high purity hash.[21] In order to make Malana Cream the live cannabis flower is rubbed between the hands repeatedly, pulling out the resin to generate a layer of sticky hashish across the palm.[22]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Bisht, Gaurav (11 July 2017). "'Deity orders' closure of joints, guest houses at Malana village famous for hash". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Why tourists are not allowed to touch anything in this Kasol village". Times of India. 24 March 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ a b c Chakraborty, Mehk (21 August 2018). "Malana: A Himalayan village shrouded in myth". BBC. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ Malana: Globalization of a Himalayan Village, 2010 Archived 28 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Documentary Film makers & Film Productions. Watch Documentaries Online".
- ^ Malana : Shangrila in the Himalayas
- ^ Kulu The End of the Habitable World By Penelope Chetwode page 89 ISBN 81-85113-20-3
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Young, George Malcolm (1916). "Malana and the Akbar-Jamlu Legend". Journal of the Panjab Historical Society. 4 (2): 77–149.
- ^ Penelope Chetwode (1972). "Kulu The End of the Habitable World. p. 90. ISBN 81-85113-20-3
- ^ "Malana - World's Oldest Democracy - Kullu". kullutourism.com. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ "यहां सदियों से गांव की संसद ही तय करती है कायदा कानून - Amarujala". Amar Ujala. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ "Experts to study Alexander's 'last descendants' in Himachal - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
- ^ a b Joshi, Namratha (26 January 2008). "Jamlu's fire". Outlook magazine. M/s Kasturi ad sons. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
- ^ "About Malana" "About Malana". Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ Dr. Virendra Bangroo, "Malana: A Lost Utopia In The Himalayas," http://ignca.nic.in/nl002401.htm
- ^ a b Kanashi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Dutta, Prabhash K. (4 December 2016). "For this Himachal village, banned cannabis is its source of livelihood". India Today.
Local lawmakers and officials say the plant is part of their tradition and empathize with people in steep, remote villages who consider cannabis the only cash crop they can grow in harsh weather and geographic conditions. Maheshwar Singh, a local lawmaker and the descendant head of the royal family of Kullu, said a look at the old tax books shows that the plant was legally cultivated and sold for decades before India's drug law.
- ^ a b Giroti, R; Talwar, I (April 2010). "The Most Ancient Democracy in the World is a Genetic Isolate: An Autosomal and Y-Chromosome Study of the Hermit Village of Malana (Himachal Pradesh, India)". Hum. Biol. 82 (2): 123–41. doi:10.3378/027.082.0201. JSTOR 41466666. PMID 20649396. S2CID 22324205.
- ^ Malana (Manali): Athènes de l'Himalaya
- ^ Chhabra, Aarish (21 March 2017). "Hash through hashtag: Himachal's famed marijuana on sale via Instagram, Speed Post". Hindustan Times.
Other photos had an entry gate of Malana, considered to have the best quality of cannabis in the world.
- ^ Balachandran, Manu (11 July 2017). "An ancient Himalayan village known for India's best hash is now off limits for tourists". Quartz.
An isolated village nestled in the Himalayas, Malana is popular for Malana Cream, a strain of cannabis with a high oil content and intense aroma [...] Malana Cream is among the most expensive hashish on the famed cannabis menus of Amsterdam. A tola, or 11.66 grams, sells for over $250 there and over Rs4,000 ($60) in India.
- ^ "Among the world's top stoner spots, Malana now cannot do without marijuana". 4 December 2016.
Further reading
edit- Chakraborty, Mehk. "Malana: A Himalayan village shrouded in myth". bbc.com.
External links
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