The banded knifefish (Gymnotus carapo) is a species of gymniform knifefish native to a wide range of freshwater habitats in South America.[1] It is the most widespread species of Gymnotus,[1] but it has frequently been confused with several relatives, including some found outside its range like the Central America G. maculosus.[2][3][4] The English name "banded knifefish" is sometimes used for the entire genus Gymnotus instead of only the species G. carapo.[5]
| Banded knifefish | |
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| Old illustrations (uppermost showing shape well, lower typical colors) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Gymnotiformes |
| Family: | Gymnotidae |
| Genus: | Gymnotus |
| Species: | G. carapo
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| Binomial name | |
| Gymnotus carapo | |
Range and habitat
editThis South American fish is found in the Amazon, Orinoco and Río de la Plata basins, as well as rivers in the Guianas, northeastern Brazil (only those exiting along the country's northern coast, such as Parnaíba) and northern Argentina (south to the 36th parallel south), and in Trinidad. This makes it the most widespread species of Gymnotus.[1]
G. carapo occurs in virtually any freshwater habitat in its range, such as rivers and streams (both slow- and fast-flowing), floodplains, estuaries, swamps and lakes. However, it is not known from deep river channels.[1] It can survive in low-oxygen habitats by breathing air with a modified swim bladder,[6] areas affected by pollution,[1] and for a period on land if its aquatic habitat dries out.[7]
Appearance
editG. carapo reaches up to 76 cm (30 in) in total length,[7] but it rarely surpasses 42 cm (17 in) and depending on exact population average is 15–26 cm (6–10 in).[1] In a study where two breeding males were located one was 18 cm (7 in) long and the other 33.5 cm (13 in).[8] It is brown with an oblique banded pattern. The strength and details of this pattern varies, both individually and depending on region. There are also some morphometric variations depending on location. A review found that these were insufficient for recognizing the populations as separate species, but did recommend recognizing them as subspecies: G. c. carapo (French Guiana and Suriname), G. c. australis (Río de la Plata basin), G. c. caatingaensis (Parnaíba river basin), G. c. madeirensis (upper Madeira river basin), G. c. occidentalis (Western Amazon, and Rio Negro and Essequibo river basins), G. c. orientalis (Eastern Amazon) and G. c. septentrionalis (Orinoco river basin and Trinidad).[1]
Behavior
editThis species, as with all Gymnotiformes, is an electric fish that has the capability to generate weak electric charges, and then measure the disturbance in the field of electricity created. This system is used for navigation, finding prey and communicating with other G. carapo.[7][9] They are highly territorial and will react aggressively if detecting the electric field of another individual of their species.[9] However, they are not able to generate a strong electric field that can be used for incapacitating prey or enemies, like the related electric eel.[10]
G. carapo are nocturnal and eat benthos, such a worms, insects, crustaceans, small fish and plant material.[7]
The male takes care of the young by mouth brooding, and making and watching over a "nest", a depression in the bottom where the female lays the eggs.[7]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g Craig, J.M.; W.G.R. Crampton; J.S. Albert (2017). "Revision of the polytypic electric fish Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei), with descriptions of seven subspecies". Zootaxa. 4318 (3): 401–438. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4318.3.1.
- ^ Albert, J.S.; R.R. Miller (1995). "Gymnotus maculosus, a new species of electric fish (Chordata: Teleostei: Gymnotoidei) from Middle America, with a key to species of Gymnotus". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 108 (4): 662–678.
- ^ Craig, Jack M.; Malabarba, Luiz R.; Crampton, William G. R.; Albert, James S. (2018-02-13). "Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics". Zootaxa. 4379 (1): 47–73. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4379.1.3. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 29689973.
- ^ Craig, Jack M.; Correa-Roldán, Vanessa; Ortega, Hernán; Crampton, William G. R.; Albert, James S. (2018-04-20). "Revision of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Upper Madeira Basin of Bolivia and Peru, with descriptions of two new species". Zootaxa. 4413 (1): 111–132. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.3. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 29690122.
- ^ Craig, J.M.; V. Correa-Roldán; H. Ortega; W.G.R. Crampton; J.S. Albert (2018). "Revision of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Upper Madeira Basin of Bolivia and Peru, with descriptions of two new species". Zootaxa. 4413 (1): 111–132. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.3. PMID 29690122.
- ^ The contribution of air breathing to aerobic scope and exercise performance in the banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo L.
- ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Gymnotus carapo". FishBase. May 2018 version.
- ^ Crampton, W.G.R.; C.D. Hopkins (2005). "Nesting and Paternal Care in the Weakly Electric Fish Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) with Descriptions of Larval and Adult Electric Organ Discharges of Two Species". Copeia. 2005 (1): 48–60. doi:10.1643/ci-04-056r1.
- ^ a b Davis, E.A.; C.D. Hopkins (1988). "Behavioural analysis of electric signal localization in the electric fish, Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotiformes)". Animal Behaviour. 36 (6): 1658–1671. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80106-4.
- ^ van der Sleen, P.; J.S. Albert, eds. (2017). Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. Princeton University Press. pp. 330–334. ISBN 978-0691170749.