Geresh

Hebrew punctuation
cantillation
cantillation
	view; talk; edit;
	view; talk; edit;

Geresh
diacritic, punctuation mark	׳‎	וכו׳‎
cantillation mark	֜‎ or ֝‎	הָאָ֜רֶץ‎
compare with apostrophes
'וכו׳', 'הָאָ֜רֶץ'‎

Geresh (׳‎ in Hebrew: גֶּרֶשׁ‎^[1] or גֵּרֶשׁ‎^[2]^[3] [ˈɡeʁeʃ], or medieval [ˈɡeːɾeːʃ]) is a sign in Hebrew writing. It has two meanings.

An apostrophe-like sign (also known colloquially as a chupchik)^[4] placed after a letter:
- as a diacritic that modifies the pronunciation of some letters (only in modern Hebrew),
- as a diacritic that signifies Yiddish origin of a word or suffix,^{[citation needed]} (examples below)
- as a punctuation mark to denote initialisms or abbreviations,
- or to denote a single-digit Hebrew numeral
A note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah and other Biblical books, taking the form of a curved diagonal stroke placed above a letter.

Diacritic

As a diacritic, the Geresh is written immediately after (left of) the letter it modifies. It indicates three sounds native to speakers of modern Hebrew that are common in loan words and slang: [dʒ] as in judge, [ʒ] as in measure and [tʃ] as in church. In transliteration of Arabic, it indicates Arabic phonemes which are usually allophones in modern Hebrew: [ɣ] is distinguished from [r] and [ħ] is distinguished from [χ]. Finally, it indicates other sounds foreign to the phonology of modern Hebrew speakers and used exclusively for the transliteration of foreign words: [ð] as in then, [θ] as in thin, [sˤ]; and, in some transliteration systems, also [tˤ], [dˤ] and [ðˤ]. It may be compared to the usage of a following h in various Latin digraphs to form other consonant sounds not supported by the basic Latin alphabet, such as "sh", "th", etc.

Loanwords, slang, foreign names and transliterations

Loanwords, slang, foreign names, and transliteration of foreign languages
Without Geresh					With Geresh
Symbol	Name	Translit.	IPA	Example	Symbol	Name	Translit.	IPA	Examples
ג‎	gimel	g	[ɡ]	gap	ג׳‎	gimel with a geresh	j (or g)	[dʒ]	Jupiter, George
ז‎	zayin	z	[z]	zoo	ז׳‎	zayin with a geresh	g, j	[ʒ]	Jacques, beige, vision
צ‎	tsadi	ts	[ts]	tsunami, cats	צ׳‎	tsadi with a geresh	ch	[tʃ]	chip

Transcriptions of Arabic

There are six additional letters in the Arabic alphabet. They are Ṯāʾ, Ḫāʾ, Ḏāl, Ḍād, Ẓāʾ, and Ghayn. Also, some letters have different sounds in Arabic phonology and modern Hebrew phonology, such as Jīm.

Distinction when transcribing Arabic^[5]

Without Geresh

With Geresh

Symbol

Example

Symbol

Name

Arabic letter

IPA

Example

Comments

ג‎

gimel

g

Egyptian / Yemeni Jīm (ج)

[ɡ]

good

ג׳‎

gimel with a geresh

Jīm (ج)

[dʒ]

Al-Jazeera (الجزيرة)

Also used with other loan words and transliterations for /dʒ/

ד‎

dalet

d

Dāl (د)

[d]

door

ד׳‎

dalet with a geresh

Ḏāl (ذ)

[ð]

Dhu [a]l-Hijjah (ذو الحجة)

Also used for English voiced th
Often a simple Dalet (ד) is written

ח‎

heth

ẖ / h, ḥ, or h

Ḥaʾ (ح)

[ħ]

Non existent in English, pronounced like an "h" while contracting the pharynx

ח׳‎

heth with a geresh

Ḫāʾ (ﺥ)

[χ]

Sheikh (شيخ)

ת‎

tav

t

Tāʾ (ت)

[t]

tail

ת׳‎

tav with a geresh

ṯāʾ (ث)

[θ]

ʿuthman (عثمان)

Also used for English voiceless th

ס‎

samekh

s

Sīn (س)

[s]

sun

ס׳‎

samekh with a geresh

Ṣad (ص)

[sˤ]
pharyngealized [s]; approximate pronunciation by pronouncing a voiceless "s" while constricting the pharynx or the larynx

May also be transcribed with the corresponding Hebrew letter צ

ר‎

resh

r

Rāʾ (ر)

[r]

french r

ר׳‎

reish with a geresh

Ghayn (غ)

[ɣ]

Abu Ghosh (أَبُو غوش)

Standard simplified: ר׳‎ and ע׳‎; however, ר׳‎ is proscribed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language. Another precise proscribed transcription is גֿ‎; in some cases of established usage, a ג‎ with no diacritics is used.

The predominant pronunciation is uvular [ʁ, ʀ], therefore resh is spelled without geresh for that pronunciation. Other accentual variants include an alveolar pronunciation [ɾ, r].

ע‎

ayin

’

ʿAyn (ع)

[ʕ] ←→ [ʢ], sometimes [ʡ] or [ʔˤ]
Ranges from pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] to epiglottal fricative [ʢ], sometimes an epiglottal stop [ʡ] or a pharyngealized glottal stop [ʔˤ]; approximate pronunciation by constricting the pharynx or the larynx

ע׳‎

ayin with a geresh

Transliteration of foreign names

Distinction when transcribing foreign names^[6]
Without Geresh					With Geresh
Symbol	Name	Translit.	IPA	Example	Symbol	Name	Translit.	IPA	Example
ד‎	dalet	d	[d]	door	ד׳‎	dalet with a geresh	English voiced th	[ð]	then
ת‎	tav	t	[t]	tail	ת׳‎	tav with a geresh	English voiceless th	[θ]	thing
ו‎	vav	v	[v]	vote	וו‎ or ו׳‎ (non-standard^[*])	vav with a geresh or double vav	w	[w]	William

Note: * ^ Both double-vav and vav with geresh are non-standard and inconsistently used.^[7]

Yiddish origin

Some words or suffixes of Yiddish origin or pronunciation are marked with a geresh, e.g. the diminutive suffix לֶ׳ה – -le, e.g. יענקל׳ה – Yankale (as in Yankale Bodo), or the words חבר׳ה – [ˈχevre], 'guys' (which is the Yiddish pronunciation of Hebrew חברה [χevˈra] 'company'), or תכל׳ס – [ˈtaχles], 'bottom-line'.

Punctuation mark

The geresh is used as a punctuation mark in initialisms and to denote numerals.

Indicating initialisms

In initialisms, the Geresh is written after the last letter of the initialism. For example: the title גְּבֶרֶת (literally "lady") is abbreviated גב׳, equivalent to English "Mrs" and "Ms".^[8]

Denoting a numeral

A Geresh can be appended after (left of) a single letter to indicate that the letter represents a Hebrew numeral. For example: ק׳ represents 100. A multi-digit Hebrew numeral is indicated by the Gershayim ⟨״⟩.

Cantillation mark

As a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, the Geresh is printed above the accented letter: ב֜‎. The Geresh Muqdam (lit. 'a Geresh made earlier'), a variant cantillation mark, is also printed above the accented letter, but slightly before (i.e. more to the right of) the position of the normal Geresh: ב֝‎. As a cantillation mark it is also called Ṭères (טֶרֶס)‎.^[1]

Computer encoding

Most keyboards do not have a key for the geresh. As a result, an apostrophe ( ', Unicode U+0027) is often substituted for it.

Appearance	Code Points	Name
׳	U+05F3	HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH
֜	U+059C	HEBREW ACCENT GERESH
֝	U+059D	HEBREW ACCENT GERESH MUQDAM

References

^ ^a ^b Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §15f
^ Even-Shoshan, Avraham (2003). Even-Shoshan Dictionary (in Hebrew).
^ Bahat, Shoshana; Mishor, Mordechay (2007). Dictionary of Contemporary Hebrew (in Hebrew).
^ Kordova, Shoshana (3 March 2013). "Word of the Day / Chupchik צ'וּפְּצִ'יק". Haaretz. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ "Rules for the transcription of Arabic into Hebrew" (PDF). Academy of the Hebrew Language (in Hebrew). pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-28.
^ "Rules for the transcription of foreign names into Hebrew" (PDF). Academy of the Hebrew Language (in Hebrew). pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10.
^ Transliteration Rules at the Wayback Machine (archived 2008-02-28) issued by the Academy of the Hebrew Language state that both [v] and [w] be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote [w] as opposed to [v] but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound [w], Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also pronunciation of Hebrew Vav.
^ הפיסוק - מבחר כללים [The punctuation - a selection of rules]. Academy of the Hebrew Language (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2007-10-28.

[GHG15f-1] Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §15f

[2] Even-Shoshan, Avraham (2003). Even-Shoshan Dictionary (in Hebrew).

[3] Bahat, Shoshana; Mishor, Mordechay (2007). Dictionary of Contemporary Hebrew (in Hebrew).

[4] Kordova, Shoshana (3 March 2013). "Word of the Day / Chupchik צ'וּפְּצִ'יק". Haaretz. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

[trans_rules_arab_heb-5] "Rules for the transcription of Arabic into Hebrew" (PDF). Academy of the Hebrew Language (in Hebrew). pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-28.

[6] "Rules for the transcription of foreign names into Hebrew" (PDF). Academy of the Hebrew Language (in Hebrew). pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10.

[trans-into-heb-7] Transliteration Rules at the Wayback Machine (archived 2008-02-28) issued by the Academy of the Hebrew Language state that both [v] and [w] be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote [w] as opposed to [v] but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound [w], Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also pronunciation of Hebrew Vav.

[8] הפיסוק - מבחר כללים [The punctuation - a selection of rules]. Academy of the Hebrew Language (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2007-10-28.

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