Aswan (/æsˈwɑːn, ɑːs-/, also US: /ˈæswɑːn, ˈɑːs-, ˈæz-/;[2][3][4][5] Arabic: أسوان, romanized: ʾAswān [ʔɑsˈwɑːn]; Coptic: Ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ Souan [swɑn]) is a city in Southern Egypt, and is the capital of the Aswan Governorate.
Aswan
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     .jpg)  From top left: Aerial view of the city, Philae temple complex, Aswan High Dam, view of the city from the Nile, El Khattaya bridge, a resort in the city, Monastery of St. Simeon | |
  Aswan Location within Egypt | |
| Coordinates: 24°05′20″N 32°53′59″E / 24.08889°N 32.89972°E | |
| Country |  Egypt |
| Governorate | Aswan |
| Area | |
• Total | 375 km2 (145 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 194 m (636 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
• Total | 379,774 |
| • Density | 1,000/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EST) |
| Area code | (+20) 97 |
| Official name | Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, iii, vi |
| Designated | 1979 (3rd session) |
| Reference no. | 89 |
| Region | Egyptian Governorates, Northern Africa, African Union |
Aswan is a busy market and tourist centre located just north of the Aswan Dam on the east bank of the Nile at the first cataract. The modern city has expanded and includes the formerly separate community on the island of Elephantine.
Aswan includes five monuments within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae; these are the Old and Middle Kingdom tombs of Qubbet el-Hawa, the town of Elephantine, the stone quarries and Unfinished Obelisk, the Monastery of St. Simeon and the Fatimid Cemetery.[6] The city's Nubian Museum is an important archaeological center, containing finds from the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia before the Aswan Dam flooded all of Lower Nubia.
The city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of craft and folk art.[7] Aswan joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2017.
Other spellings and variations
editAswan was formerly spelled Assuan or Assouan. Names in other languages include (Arabic: أسوان, romanized: ʾAswān; Ancient Egyptian: Swenett; Coptic: Ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ, romanized: Souan; Ancient Greek: Συήνη, romanized: Suēnē; proposed Biblical Hebrew: סְוֵנֵה Sǝwēnê). The Nubians also call the city Dib which means "fortress, palace" and is derived from the Old Nubian name ⲇⲡ̅ⲡⲓ.[8]
History
edit
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| swnt[9] in hieroglyphs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Era: Late Period (664–332 BC) | ||||
Aswan is the ancient city of Swenett, later known as Syene, which in antiquity was the frontier town of Ancient Egypt facing the south. Swenett is supposed to have derived its name from an Egyptian goddess with the same name.[10] This goddess later was identified as Eileithyia by the Greeks and Lucina by the Romans during their occupation of Ancient Egypt because of the similar association of their goddesses with childbirth, and of which the import is "the opener". The ancient name of the city also is said to be derived from the Egyptian symbol for "trade",[11] or "market".[12]
Because the Ancient Egyptians oriented themselves toward the origin of the life-giving waters of the Nile in the south, and as Swenett was the southernmost town in the country, Egypt always was conceived to "open" or begin at Swenett.[10] The city stood upon a peninsula on the right (east) bank of the Nile, immediately below (and north of) the first cataract of the flowing waters, which extended to it from Philae. Navigation to the delta was possible from this location without encountering a barrier.
The stone quarries of ancient Egypt located here were celebrated for their stone, and especially for the granitic rock called syenite. They furnished the colossal statues, obelisks, and monolithic shrines that are found throughout Egypt, including the pyramids; and the traces of the quarrymen who worked (alongside domesticated draft animals) in these 3,000 years ago are still visible in the native rock. They lie on either bank of the Nile, and a road, 6.5 km (4.0 mi) in length, was cut beside them from Syene to Philae.
Swenett was equally important as a military station and for its position on a trade route. Under every dynasty it was a garrison town; and here tolls and customs were levied on all boats passing southwards and northwards. Around 330, the legion stationed here received a bishop from Alexandria; this later became the Coptic Diocese of Syene.[13] The city is mentioned by numerous ancient writers, including Herodotus,[14] Strabo,[15] Stephanus of Byzantium,[16] Ptolemy,[17] Pliny the Elder,[18] Vitruvius,[19] and it appears on the Antonine Itinerary.[20] It may also be mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel and the Book of Isaiah.[21]
The Nile is nearly 650 m (0.40 mi) wide above Aswan. From this frontier town to the northern extremity of Egypt, the river flows for more than 1,200 km (750 mi) without bar or cataract. The voyage from Aswan to Alexandria usually took 21 to 28 days in favorable weather.
Archaeological findings
editIn April 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced the discovery of the head of the bust of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius at the Temple of Kom Ombo during work to protect the site from groundwater.[22][23][24]
In September 2018, the Egyptian Antiquities Minister Khaled el-Enany announced that a sandstone sphinx statue had been discovered at the temple of Kom Ombo. The statue, measuring approximately 28 cm (11 in) in width and 38 cm (15 in)) in height, probably dates to the Ptolemaic Dynasty.[25][26][27]
Archaeologists discovered 35 mummified remains of Egyptians in a tomb in Aswan in 2019. Italian archaeologist Patrizia Piacentini and El-Enany both reported that the tomb, where the remains of ancient men, women and children were found, dates back to the Greco-Roman period between 332 BC and 395 AD. While the findings assumed belonging to a mother and a child were well preserved, others had suffered major destruction. Other than the mummies, artifacts including painted funerary masks, vases of bitumen used in mummification, pottery and wooden figurines were revealed. Thanks to the hieroglyphs on the tomb, it was detected that the tomb belongs to a tradesman named Tjit.[28][29][30]
Piacentini commented "It's a very important discovery because we have added something to the history of Aswan that was missing. We knew about tombs and necropoli dating back to the second and third millennium, but we didn't know where the people who lived in the last part of the Pharaonic era were. Aswan, on the southern border of Egypt, was also a very important trading city".[28][29][30]
Stan Hendrick, John Coleman Darnell and Maria Gatto in 2012 excavated petroglyphic engravings from Nag el-Hamdulab in Aswan which featured representations of a boat procession, solar symbolism and the earliest depiction of the White Crown with an estimated dating range between 3200BC and 3100BC.[31]
In February 2021, archaeologists from the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities announced significant discoveries at an archaeological site called Shiha Fort in Aswan, namely a Ptolemaic period temple, a Roman fort, an early Coptic church and an inscription in hieratic script. According to Mostafa Waziri, the crumbling temple was decorated with palm leaf carvings and an incomplete sandstone panel that described a Roman emperor. Researcher Abdel Badie states more generally that the church contained ovens used to bake pottery, four rooms, a long hall, stairs, and stone tiles.[32][33]
Geography
editNorthern Tropic boundary
The latitude of the city that would become Aswan – located at 24° 5′ 23″ – was an object of great interest to the ancient geographers and mathematicians.[34] They believed that it was seated immediately under the tropic, and that on the day of the summer solstice, a vertically positioned staff cast no shadow.[34] They noted that the sun's disc was reflected in a deep well (or pit) at noon.[34] This statement is only approximately correct;[34] at the summer solstice, the shadow was only 1⁄400 of the staff, and so could scarcely be discerned, and the northern limb of the Sun's disc would be nearly vertical.[citation needed] More than 2200 years ago, Greek polymath Eratosthenes used this information to calculate Earth's circumference.[34]
Climate
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2011) |
Aswan has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) like the rest of Egypt. Aswan and Luxor have the hottest summer days of any city in Egypt. Aswan is one of the hottest, sunniest and driest cities in the world. Average high temperatures are consistently above 40 °C (104.0 °F) during summer (June, July, August and also September) while average low temperatures remain above 25 °C (77.0 °F). Average high temperatures remain above 23 °C (73.4 °F) during the coldest month of the year while average low temperatures remain above 8 °C (46.4 °F). Summers are very prolonged and extremely hot with blazing sunshine although desert heat is dry. Winters are brief and pleasantly mild, though nights may be cool at times.
The climate of Aswan is extremely dry year-round, with less than 1 mm (0.04 in) of average annual precipitation. The desert city is one of the driest ones in the world, and rainfall does not occur every year; in early 2001, the last rain in Aswan had been seven years earlier. When heavy precipitation does occur, as in a November 2021 rain and hail storm, flash flooding can drive scorpions from their lairs to deadly effects.[35] Aswan is one of the least humid cities on the planet, with an average relative humidity of only 26%, with a maximum mean of 42% during winter and a minimum mean of 16% during summer.
The weather of Aswan is extremely clear, bright and sunny year-round in all seasons, with low seasonal variation and almost 4,000 hours of annual sunshine – very close to the maximum theoretical sunshine duration. Aswan is one of the sunniest places on Earth.
The highest record temperature was 51 °C (124 °F) on July 4, 1918, and the lowest record temperature was −2.4 °C (27.7 °F) on January 6, 1989.[36]
| Climate data for Aswan (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35.3 (95.5) |
38.5 (101.3) |
44.0 (111.2) |
46.1 (115.0) |
47.8 (118.0) |
50.9 (123.6) |
51.0 (123.8) |
48.0 (118.4) |
47.8 (118.0) |
45.4 (113.7) |
42.2 (108.0) |
38.6 (101.5) |
51.0 (123.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.2 (73.8) |
25.9 (78.6) |
30.3 (86.5) |
35.5 (95.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
41.6 (106.9) |
41.9 (107.4) |
41.9 (107.4) |
40.0 (104.0) |
36.4 (97.5) |
29.8 (85.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
34.2 (93.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
28.0 (82.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.1 (95.2) |
35.0 (95.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
29.2 (84.6) |
22.7 (72.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
20.1 (68.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
25.5 (77.9) |
22.3 (72.1) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −2.4 (27.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.6 (0.02) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
2.0 (0.08) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 40 | 32 | 24 | 19 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 22 | 27 | 36 | 42 | 26.2 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
0.1 (32.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
3.4 (38.1) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 298.2 | 281.1 | 321.6 | 316.1 | 346.8 | 363.2 | 374.6 | 359.6 | 298.3 | 314.6 | 299.6 | 289.1 | 3,862.8 |
| Source 1: NOAA (humidity, dew point, sun 1961–1990)[37][38] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record temperatures)[36][39] | |||||||||||||
Education
editIn 2012, the Aswan University was inaugurated, which is headquartered in the city. Aswan is also home to the Aswan Higher Institute of Social Work, which was established in 1975.
Transport
editThe city is crossed by the Cape to Cairo Road, which connects it to Luxor and Cairo to the north, and Abu Simbel and Wadi Halfa to the south. Also important is the Aswan-Berenice highway, which connects with the ports of the Red Sea.
Aswan is linked to Cairo by the Cape to Cairo Railway, which also connects it with Wadi Halfa. The railway is incomplete towards the south.
Other key transport infrastructures are the Port of Aswan, the largest river port in the region, and Aswan International Airport.
International relations
editTwin towns/Sister cities
editAswan is twinned with:
- Sonoma, California, United States [citation needed]
Gallery
edit-
Archangel Michael's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, built in the Coptic style -
El-Tabia Mosque in Aswan -
The Lotus-Tower near Aswan, monument to Arab-Soviet Friendship. Near Aswan High Dam. -
Nubia Museum entrance -
Fatimid Cemetery -
Unfinished Obelisk in Aswan -
A street parallel to Corniche in Aswan -
Aswan Bridge -
Aswan Botanical Garden -
Aswan souq -
Market in Aswan -
Aswan station -
Gharb Seheil -
Nubian village in Elephantine Island -
-
River Nile in Aswan -
Feluccas in Aswan
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See also
edit
References
edit
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Aswan". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
- ^ a b "Egypt: Governorates, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "Aswan". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ "Aswan". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ "Aswan" Archived 2019-04-03 at the Wayback Machine (US) and "Aswan". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13.
- ^ "Aswân". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^ Smith, Melanie K. (2016). Issues in cultural tourism studies. Routledge. ISBN 9781138785694. OCLC 932058870.
- ^ Hofmann, Inge (1986). Nubisches Wörterverzeichnis: Nubisch-deutsches und deutsch-nubisches Wörterverzeichnis nach dem Kenzi-Material des Samuel Ali Hisen (1863–1927). Bonn: Academia Richarz. p. 49.
- ^ Gauthier, Henri (1928). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5. p. 17.
- ^ a b Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir (March 1983). Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Cultural Atlas). New York, NY: Facts On File Inc. p. 240. ISBN 9780871963345.
- ^ Suʻād Māhir (1966). Muhafazat Al Gumhuriya Al Arabiya Al Mutaheda wa Asaraha al baqiah fi al asr al islamim. Majlis al-Aʻlá lil-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah.
- ^ James Henry Breasted (1912). A History of Egypt, from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 7. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2015-04-27.
- ^ Dijkstra, J. Harm F. Religious Encounters on the Southern Egyptian Frontier in Late Antiquity (AD 298-642) Archived 2009-07-04 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ (ii. 30)
- ^ (ii. p. 133, xvii. p. 797, seq.)
- ^ (s. v.)
- ^ (vii. 5. § 15, viii. 15. § 15)
- ^ (ii. 73. s. 75, v. 10. s. 11, vi. 29. s. 34)
- ^ (De architectura, book viii. ch ii. § 6)
- ^ (p. 164)
- ^ Ezekiel 29:10, 30:6; Isaiah 49:12
- ^ "Shrine to Osiris and bust of Roman emperor found in Egypt". www.digitaljournal.com. 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
- ^ DPA, Daily Sabah with (2018-04-22). "Archeologists find Roman emperor bust, ancient shrine in Egypt". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
- ^ "Archaeologists find bust of Roman emperor in Egypt dig in Aswan". Arab News. 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
- ^ "Archaeologists discover sphinx in Egyptian temple". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
- ^ Heffron, Claire (2018-09-17). "Archaeologists discover ancient sphinx in Egyptian temple". euronews. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
- ^ "Egyptian archaeologists find sphinx at Aswan temple". BBC News. 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2020-12-28.
- ^ a b Giuffrida, Angela (2019-04-24). "Mummified remains of 35 ancient Egyptians found in Aswan". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ a b Dixon, Emily (2019-04-25). "At least 34 mummies found in hidden Egyptian tomb". CNN Travel. Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ a b "Egyptian necropolis with 35 mummies found - Culture". ANSAMed. 2019-04-23. Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ Hendrickx, Stan; Darnell, John Coleman; Gatto, Maria Carmela (December 2012). "The earliest representations of royal power in Egypt: the rock drawings of Nag el-Hamdulab (Aswan)". Antiquity. 86 (334): 1068–1083. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00048250. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 53631029.
- ^ "Ruins Of Ancient Ptolemaic Temple Discovered In Egypt - Greek City Times". 3 February 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
- ^ Geggel, Laura (2 February 2021). "Ruins of ancient church and temple discovered in Egypt". livescience.com. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
- ^ a b c d e Venturi, Jacir J.. Eratóstenes e a Esfericidade da Terra Archived 2022-01-27 at the Wayback Machine. Revista Articulistas.[s/d].
- ^ "Egypt: Hundreds stung by scorpions after deadly floods in Aswan". BBC News. 13 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Station Aswan" (in French). Meteo Climat. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
- ^ "Asswan Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ^ "Asswan Climate Normals 1961–1990". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Reference Normals (1961–1990). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- ^ "62414: Asswan (Egypt)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
External links
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