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Link to original content: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake
1990 Luzon earthquake - Wikipedia
Wikipedia

1990 Luzon earthquake

The 1990 Luzon earthquake occurred on July 16 at 4:26 p.m. (PDT) or 3:26 p.m. (PST) on the densely populated island of Luzon in the Philippines. The shock had a surface-wave magnitude of 7.8 and produced a 125 km-long ground rupture that stretched from Dingalan, Aurora to Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya. The event was a result of strike-slip movements along the Philippine Fault and the Digdig Fault within the Philippine fault system. The earthquake's epicenter was near the town of Rizal, Nueva Ecija, northeast of Cabanatuan.[6] An estimated 1,621 people were killed,[7][8] most of the fatalities located in Central Luzon and the Cordillera region.

1990 Luzon earthquake
The collapsed Hyatt Terraces Baguio Hotel after the earthquake in Baguio
UTC time1990-07-16 07:26:36
ISC event362868
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateJuly 16, 1990 (1990-07-16)
Local time16:26:36 local time
Duration45 seconds
Magnitude7.7 Mw[1]
7.8 Ms[2]
Depth25.1 km (15.6 mi)[1]
Epicenter15°40′44″N 121°10′19″E / 15.679°N 121.172°E / 15.679; 121.172[1]
TypeStrike-slip[3]
Areas affectedCentral Luzon
National Capital Region
Cordillera Administrative Region
Bicol Region
Philippines
Max. intensityMMI IX (Violent)[4]
PEIS VIII (Very destructive)[2]
Casualties1,621 dead
3,513 injured
321 missing
126,035 displaced[5]

Geology

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The Philippine archipelago represents a complex plate boundary between the Philippine Sea and Eurasian plates. To the east, oceanic lithosphere subducts westwards beneath the islands along the Philippine Trench. Off the west coast of Luzon, the Manila Trench accommodates eastward subduction. To its east is the East Luzon Trench, a convergent boundary that separates the Philippine Trench by a transform fault. The left-lateral strike-slip Philippine fault system runs through the islands. It is one of the longest strike-slip faults in the world. Understanding of its geology and earthquake history is limited. It extends north–south for 1,300 km (810 mi) from Mindanao to northern Luzon. On Luzon, the fault branches into multiple splay segments including the northernly trending Digdig Fault.[9]

The event was one of the largest continental strike-slip earthquakes of the century. It was associated with a 125 km (78 mi) long surface rupture on the Philippine Fault System. Rupture occurred bilaterally, extending from the hypocenter, but most of the rupture occurred northwest for 75–100 km (47–62 mi). About 25 km (16 mi) north of the epicenter, the largest slip was estimated at 10–15 m (33–49 ft). Slip gradually decreased away from the zone. The Digdig Fault displayed 5–6 m (16–20 ft) of left-lateral displacement. Aftershocks occurred along a 100 km (62 mi) length of the fault. They displayed a range of focal mechanism including strike-slip, normal and thrust faulting.[10]

Impact

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USGS ShakeMap showing the earthquake's intensity.
 
 
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1990
 
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class=notpageimage|
All known magnitude ≥ 7.0 Mw in Central Luzon. In 1968, 1970,[11] 1977,[12] 1985,[13] 1990, and 1999. The weaker 2019 Luzon earthquake (6.2 Mw) is included for comparison.

The earthquake caused damage within an area of about 20,000 square kilometers, stretching from the mountains of the Cordillera Administrative Region and through the Central Luzon region. The earthquake was strongly felt in Metropolitan Manila, destroying many buildings and leading to panic and stampedes and ultimately three deaths in the National Capital Region,[14] one of the lowest fatalities recorded in the wake of the tremor. The ceiling of a movie theater in Pasay reportedly collapsed pinning a number of moviegoers.[15] The Southern Tagalog (nowadays Region 4A (Calabarzon), Mimaropa, and Aurora of Central Luzon) and Bicol Regions also felt the quake, but with low casualty figures.

Then-president Cory Aquino, who was having a meeting with Senate leaders at Malacañang Palace in Manila, recounted that she hid under a long conference table during the earthquake. She later ordered the suspension of classes and the mobilization of relief agencies.[15]

Baguio

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The popular destination of Baguio, situated over 5000 feet above sea level, was among the areas hardest hit by the Luzon earthquake. The earthquake caused 28 collapsed buildings, including hotels, factories, and government and university buildings, as well as many private homes and establishments.[16] The quake destroyed electric, water and communication lines in the city.[17] The main vehicular route to Baguio, Kennon Road, as well as other access routes to the mountain city, were shut down due to landslides and it took three days before enough landslide debris was cleared to allow access by road to the stricken city.[17]

Baguio was isolated from the rest of the Philippines for the first 48 hours after the quake. Damage at Loakan Airport rendered access to the city by air limited to helicopters.[17] American and Philippine Air Force C-130s evacuated many residents from this airport. Many city residents, as well as patients confined in hospital buildings damaged by the quake, were forced to stay inside tents set up in public places, such as in Burnham Park and in the streets. Looting of department stores in the city was reported.[18] Among the first rescuers to arrive at the devastated city were miners from Benguet Corporation, who focused on rescue efforts at the collapsed Hotel Nevada.[19] Teams sent by the Philippine government and by foreign governments and agencies likewise participated in the rescue and retrieval operations in Baguio.

One of the more prominent buildings destroyed was the Hyatt Terraces Baguio Hotel, where at least eighty hotel employees and guests were killed, including at least four employees of the state-owned Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation which ran the casino.[20][21] Three hotel employees, however, were pulled out alive after having been buried under the rubble for nearly two weeks, and after international rescue teams had abandoned the site convinced there were no more survivors.[22] Luisa Mallorca and Arnel Calabia were extricated from the rubble 11 days after the quake, while hotel cook Pedrito Dy was recovered alive 14 days following the earthquake.[23] All three survived in part by drinking their own urine[23] and in Dy's case, rainwater.[19] At that time, Dy's 14-day ordeal was cited as a world record for entombment underneath rubble.[22]

The United States Agency for International Development was sponsoring a seminar at the Hotel Nevada when the tremor struck, causing the hotel to collapse. 27 of the seminar participants, including one American USAID official, were killed in the quake.[16] Among those who were pulled out alive from the ruins of the hotel was future senatorial candidate Sonia Roco, wife of politician Raul Roco, who was pulled out from the rubble by miners after 36 hours.[24][25]

Cabanatuan

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In Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, the tallest building in the city, a six-story concrete school building housing the Christian College of the Philippines, collapsed during the earthquake, which occurred during school hours.[15] Around 154 people were killed at the CCP building. Unlike in Baguio, local and international journalists were able to arrive at Cabanatuan within hours after the tremor, and media coverage of the quake in its immediate aftermath centered on the collapsed school, where rescue efforts were hampered by the lack of heavy equipment to cut through the steel reinforcement of fallen concrete.[14] Some of the victims who did not die in the collapse were found dead later from dehydration because they were not pulled out in time.[26]

A 20-year-old high school student, Robin Garcia, was later credited with rescuing at least eight students and teachers by twice returning under the rubble to retrieve survivors. Garcia was killed by an aftershock hours after the quake while trying to rescue more survivors, and he received several posthumous tributes, including medals of honor from the Boy Scouts of the Philippines and President Corazon Aquino's[27] Grieving Heart Award for his heroic effort that brought the world's attention to the quake due to quick media coverage in the city, since most of the buildings were damaged save for the CCP building which was collapsed totally.

In other areas of Nueva Ecija, a school in Guimba collapsed killing three students.[15] In neighboring Nueva Vizcaya, at least 100 motorists and commuters were buried alive in landslides along the Nueva Vizcaya-Isabela Highway.[28]

Dagupan

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In Dagupan, about 90 buildings in the city were damaged, and about 20 collapsed. Some structures sustained damage because liquefaction caused buildings to sink as much as 1 metre (39 inches). The earthquake caused a decrease in the elevation of the city and several areas were flooded. The city suffered 64 casualties of which 47 survived and 17 died. Most injuries were sustained during stampedes at a university building and a theater.

La Union

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Five municipalities in La Union were affected: Agoo, Aringay, Caba, Santo Tomas, and Tubao with a combined population of 132,208. Many buildings, including the Agoo Municipal hall,[29] the Museo de Iloko, the parish church of Aringay,[15] and the Basilica Minore of our Lady of Charity,[30] collapsed or were severely damaged. 100,000 families were displaced when two coastal villages sank due to liquefaction. The province suffered many casualties leaving 32 people dead.

Patterns of damage

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Note the diagonal fault near Casiguran in this tectonic map of the Philippine fault system.

Based on preliminary analysis, cases and controls were similar in age and sex distribution. Similar proportions of cases and controls were inside buildings (74% and 80%, respectively) and outside buildings (26% and 20%, respectively) during the earthquake. For persons who were inside a building, risk factors included building height, type of building material, and the floor level the person was on. Persons inside buildings with seven or more floors were 35 times more likely to be injured. Persons inside buildings constructed of concrete or mixed materials were three times more likely to sustain injuries than were those inside wooden buildings. Persons at middle levels of multistory buildings were twice as likely to be injured as those at the top or bottom levels.[citation needed]

The earthquake caused different patterns of damage in different parts of Luzon Island. The mountain resort of Baguio was most severely affected, it had a high population density and many tall concrete buildings, which were more susceptible to seismic damage. Relief efforts proved difficult as all routes of communication, roads, and airport access were severed for several days following the quake. These efforts were further hampered by daily rainfall. Baguio is home to a large mining company and a military academy; experienced miners and other disciplined volunteers played a crucial role in early rescue efforts. Rescue teams arriving from Manila and elsewhere in Luzon were able to decrease mortality from major injuries. Surgeons, anesthesiologists, and specialized equipment and supplies were brought to the area, and victims were promptly treated. Patients requiring specialized care (e.g., hemodialysis) not available in the disaster area were airlifted to tertiary hospitals. Damage was caused by landslides in the mountains and settling in coastal areas. Relief efforts in these areas were prompt and successful, partly because those areas remained accessible.[citation needed]

On July 19, three days after the earthquake, the priority of relief efforts shifted from treatment of injuries to public health concerns. For example, numerous broken pipes completely disrupted water systems, limiting the availability of potable water, and refugees who camped in open areas had no adequate toilet facilities. Early efforts at providing potable water by giving refugees chlorine granules were unsuccessful. Most potable water was distributed from fire engines, and Department of Health (DOH) sanitarians chlorinated the water before it was distributed. Surveys of refugee areas showed few latrines; these had to be dug by the DOH.[31]

Aftermath

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The University of Baguio, which got struck by this earthquake, was rehabilitated, while the land where Hyatt Terraces stood remains abandoned.[32]

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The earthquake is featured in the television documentary series by GRB Entertainment, aired on The Learning Channel and other television channels around the world, about natural disasters titled Earth's Fury (also known internationally as Anatomy of Disaster) in an episode entitled "Earthquake!",[33] the 50th anniversary special of GMA News and Public Affairs titled Limang Dekada in 2010,[34] the 50th anniversary special of ABS-CBN titled Sa Mata ng Balita in 2003,[35] and the 1996 documentary produced by Langley Productions titled The Amazing Video Collection: Natural Disasters.

Scenes of the earthquake's destruction around Baguio, as well as reflections on Filipino people's capacity to endure and rebuild, also featured in a segment of 1994 collage film directed by National Artist Kidlat Tahimik titled Why is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?.

See also

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Bibliography

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  • Rantucci, Giovanni (1980). Geological Disasters In The Philippines: The July 1990 Earthquake And The June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Description, effects and lessons learned. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). ISBN 978-0-7881-2075-6. Retrieved August 15, 2009.

References

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  1. ^ a b c "M 7.7 – Luzon, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. July 16, 1990. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  2. ^ a b "1990 July 16 Ms7.8 Luzon Earthquake". Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
  3. ^ PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog, Version 2008_06.1, United States Geological Survey, September 4, 2009, archived from the original on January 15, 2018, retrieved October 24, 2018
  4. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, archived from the original on July 21, 2017, retrieved March 11, 2016
  5. ^ Remembering the 1990 Luzon quake. CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2022 – via YouTube.
  6. ^ "The July 16 Luzon Earthquake: A Technical Monograph". Inter-Agency Committee for Documenting and Establishing Database on the July 1990 Earthquake. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. 2001. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
  7. ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2008: 140th Anniversary Edition. United States: World Almanac Education Group Inc. 2008. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-60057-072-8.
  8. ^ John W. Wright, ed. (2008). The New York Times 2008 Almanac. United States: Penguin Group. pp. 753. ISBN 978-0-14-311233-4.
  9. ^ Silcock, David M.; Beavan, John (2001). "Geodetic constraints on coseismic rupture during the 1990 Ms 7.8 Luzon, Philippines, earthquake". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 2 (7): 1016. Bibcode:2001GGG.....2.1016S. doi:10.1029/2000GC000101. S2CID 128930684.
  10. ^ Velasco, Aaron A.; Ammon, Charles J.; Lay, Thorne; Hagerty, Michael (1996). "Rupture process of the 1990 Luzon, Philippines Mw 7.7, earthquake". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 101 (B10): 22419–22434. Bibcode:1996JGR...10122419V. doi:10.1029/96JB02290.
  11. ^ "M 7.4 – Luzon, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  12. ^ "M 7.0 – Luzon, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  13. ^ "M 7.0 – Luzon, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  14. ^ a b "Earthquake in the Philippines Kills at Least 260, Including 50 Children in One School". The New York Times. July 17, 1990. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  15. ^ a b c d e "Killer quake rumbles across Luzon". Manila Standard. July 17, 1990. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  16. ^ a b "Manila Assesses Damage and High Cost of Quake". The New York Times. July 20, 1990. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  17. ^ a b c "International notes Earthquake Disaster – Luzon, Philippines". Center for Disease Control. August 31, 1990. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  18. ^ Jomar Kho Indanan (August 22, 1990). "The Worst of Times". National Midweek. p. 46.
  19. ^ a b Moulic, Gobleth (December 10, 2004). "How Baguio quake victim survived 15-day ordeal under rubble". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  20. ^ Liquicia, Rosario (July 18, 1990). "Hyatt Terraces: A crumpled ruin". Manila Standard. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  21. ^ "Calamity in Baguio, Cabanatuan". Manila Standard. July 18, 1990.
  22. ^ a b "Quake Update". National Midweek. August 22, 1990. p. 39.
  23. ^ a b "A 3rd Survivor Pulled From Collapsed Hotel". Deseret News. July 30, 1990. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  24. ^ Norman Bordadora & Michael Lim Ubac (April 17, 2007). "Roco trapped in elevator on Friday the 13th". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
  25. ^ "Quake Deaths Reach 256". Manila Standard. July 18, 1990. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  26. ^ "Earthquake Wreaks Havoc in the Philippines". This Day in History. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  27. ^ Guingona, Teofisto (1993). The Gallant Filipino. Pasig: Anvil Publishing Inc. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-971-27-0279-2.
  28. ^ Burgos, Roberto (July 20, 1990). "Quake also buried 100 in N. Vizcaya". Manila Standard.
  29. ^ "23 Years in La Union". The Philippine Navigators. December 12, 2015. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  30. ^ Sals, Florent Joseph (2005). The History of Agoo: 1578-2005. La Union: Limbagan Printhouse. p. 80.
  31. ^ "International notes Earthquake Disaster – Luzon, Philippines". Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
  32. ^ Baguio remembers deadly 1990 quake, retrieved August 8, 2021
  33. ^ "Earthquake!". Anatomy of Disaster. Season 1. Episode 3. 1997. The Learning Channel. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2020 – via YouTube.
  34. ^ Limang Dekada: The GMA News 50th Anniversary Special (Television special). Philippines: GMA News and Public Affairs. January 10, 2010. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2020 – via YouTube.
  35. ^ Sa Mata ng Balita (Television special). Philippines: ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. October 12, 2003.
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