The 1931 Australian federal election was held on 19 December 1931. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election.
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All 76[b] seats of the House of Representatives 38 seats were needed for a majority in the House 18 (of the 36) seats of the Senate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 3,649,954  3.13% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 3,286,474 (95.04%)[a] ( 0.19 pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by division for the House of Representatives, shaded by winning party's margin of victory. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The incumbent first-term Australian Labor Party (ALP) government led by Prime Minister James Scullin was defeated in a landslide by the United Australia Party (UAP) led by Joseph Lyons. As of 2024, this is the last time that a sitting government at federal level has been defeated after a single term.
The election was held at a time of great social and political upheaval, coming at the peak of the Great Depression in Australia. The UAP had only been formed a few months before the election, when Lyons and a few ALP dissidents joined forces with the Nationalist Party and the Australian Party. Although it was dominated by former Nationalists, Lyons became the merged party's leader, with Nationalist leader John Latham as his deputy.
Scullin's position eroded further when five left-wing Labor MPs from New South Wales who supported NSW Premier Jack Lang broke away and moved to the crossbenches in protest of Scullin's economic policy, reducing Scullin to a minority government. Late in 1931, they supported a UAP no-confidence motion and brought down the government. The two Labor factions were decimated; massive vote-splitting left them with only 18 seats between them (14 for the official ALP and four for the Langites).
Prior to the election, it was assumed that the Country Party, led by Earle Page, would hold the balance of power, and Page tentatively agreed to support the UAP if that were the case. The two parties campaigned separately and stood candidates against each other in the House of Representatives, but ran joint tickets in Senate. However, the UAP came up four seats short of a majority. The five MPs from the Emergency Committee of South Australia, which contested the election in that state in place of the UAP and Country Party, joined the UAP party room, giving the UAP enough numbers to form a majority government by two seats. Page was still willing to form a coalition with the Country Party, but negotiations broke down and Lyons decided the UAP would govern by itself. As a result, the First Lyons Ministry was composed solely of UAP members.[1]
Labor spent the next 10 years in opposition; it did not return to power until 1941.
Issues
editThe election was dominated by the Great Depression in Australia, which was at its height. As the Labor government had come to office two days before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, it was seen as being responsible for many of the economic and social problems Australia faced, which sparked the historic Australian Labor Party split of 1931 in which Lyons and four other Labor dissidents crossed the floor to the opposition, ultimately merging into the UAP. Although the UAP was seen as an upper- and middle-class conservative party, the presence of ex-Labor MPs allowed the party to project an image of national unity.
By the time the writs were issued, official Labor and Lang Labor were in open warfare, making a UAP victory all but certain. Due to the massive vote splitting brought on by a large number of three-cornered contests, Labor tallied its lowest primary vote since Federation, while the two Labor factions, official Labor and Lang Labor, won only 18 seats between them, with official Labor losing a record 32 seats on a massive 15.2% swing to the UAP.
The two Labor factions did not reunite until 1936.
Results
editHouse of Representatives
edit
| |||||||||
| Party | Primary vote | Seats | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Swing (pp) | Seats | Change | |||||
| United Australia Party | UAP | 1,155,809 | 36.4 | +36.4 | 33[c] | 15
| |||
| Country | CP | 388,544 | 12.2 | +1.93 | 16 | 6
| |||
| Labor | ALP | 860,260 | 27.1 | –21.74 | 16[d] |  22
| |||
| Emergency Committee | ECSA | 174,288 | 5.5 | +5.5 | 5[c] | 6
| |||
| Labor (NSW) | L (NSW) | 335,309 | 10.6 | +10.6 | 4 | 1
| |||
| Communist | CPA | 8,511 | 0.3 | +0.3 | 0 |  0
| |||
| Independent | 260,786 | 6 | –0.02 | 3 | 1
| ||||
| Total | 3,287,992 | 100.00 | — | 76 | — | ||||
| Valid votes | 3,173,515 | 96.52 | — | — | — | ||||
| Informal ballots | 114,477 | 3.5 | |||||||
| Turnout | 3,287,992 | 90 | |||||||
| Registered voters | 3,652,196 | — | |||||||
Results by electorate
edit| Constituency | Total seats |
Seats won | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAP | CP | ALP | ECSA | L (NSW) | Independent | ||||
| New South Wales | 28 | 13 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Victoria | 20 | 12 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Queensland | 10 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| South Australia | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Western Australia | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Tasmania | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Northern Territory | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Total | 76 | 33 | 16 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 3 | ||
Senate
edit| Party | Votes | % | Swing | Seats won | Seats held | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAP/Country (Joint Ticket) | 945,741 | 30.16 | * | 6 | |||
| Australian Labor Party | 917,218 | 29.25 | −19.70 | 3 | 10 | +3 | |
| United Australia Party | 791,870 | 25.26 | −14.02 | 9 | 21 | −3 | |
| Australian Labor Party (NSW) | 379,870 | 12.12 | * | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Communist Party of Australia | 29,443 | 0.94 | * | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Country Party | * | * | −11.18 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
| Independents | 71,181 | 2.27 | +1.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | 3,135,323 | 18 | 36 | ||||
Results by electorate
edit| Constituency | Total seats |
Seats won | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UAP | CP | ALP | |||||||
| New South Wales | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |||||
| Victoria | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Queensland | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |||||
| South Australia | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |||||
| Western Australia | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |||||
| Tasmania | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Total | 18 | 12 | 3 | 3 | |||||
Seats changing hands
edit| Seat | Pre-1931 | Swing | Post-1931 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Member | Margin | Margin | Member | Party | ||||
| Adelaide, SA | Labor | George Edwin Yates | 11.4 | 21.0 | 9.6 | Fred Stacey | Emergency Committee | ||
| Angas, SA | Labor | Moses Gabb | 4.7 | 31.5 | 26.8 | Moses Gabb | Ind. Emergency Committee[c] | ||
| Ballaarat, Vic | Labor | Charles McGrath | 7.4 | 20.7 | 13.3 | Charles McGrath | United Australia | ||
| Barton, NSW | Labor | James Tully | 17.6 | 20.8 | 3.2 | Albert Lane | United Australia | ||
| Bass, Tas | Labor | Allan Guy | 10.4 | 24.9 | 14.5 | Allan Guy | United Australia | ||
| Batman, Vic | Labor | Frank Brennan | 25.8 | 26.6 | 0.8 | Samuel Dennis | United Australia | ||
| Bendigo, Vic | Labor | Richard Keane | 5.1 | 14.6 | 9.5 | Eric Harrison | United Australia | ||
| Boothby, SA | Labor | John Price | 5.6 | 29.6 | 24.0 | John Price | Emergency Committee | ||
| Brisbane, Qld | United Australia | Donald Charles Cameron | 2.4 | 3.1 | 0.7 | George Lawson | Labor | ||
| Calare, NSW | Labor | George Gibbons | 1.6 | 11.7 | 10.1 | Harold Thorby | Country | ||
| Corangamite, Vic | Labor | Richard Crouch | 2.1 | 15.0 | 12.9 | William Gibson | Country | ||
| Corio, Vic | Labor | Arthur Lewis | 6.0 | 16.6 | 10.6 | Richard Casey | United Australia | ||
| Dalley, NSW | Labor | Ted Theodore | N/A | 8.9 | 14.0 | Sol Rosevear | Labor (NSW) | ||
| Darling Downs, Qld | United Australia | Arthur Morgan | N/A | 17.7 | 9.8 | Littleton Groom | Independent | ||
| Denison, Tas | Labor | Charles Culley | 9.2 | 14.2 | 5.0 | Arthur Hutchin | United Australia | ||
| East Sydney, NSW | Labor (NSW) | Eddie Ward | 5.7 | 11.7 | 1.7 | John Clasby | United Australia | ||
| Eden-Monaro, NSW | Labor | John Cusack | 0.1 | 13.7 | 13.6 | John Perkins | United Australia | ||
| Fawkner, Vic | Independent Nationalist | George Maxwell | N/A | 21.7 | 20.3 | George Maxwell | United Australia | ||
| Flinders, Vic | Labor | Jack Holloway | 0.2 | 18.5 | 18.3 | Stanley Bruce | United Australia | ||
| Franklin, Tas | Labor | Charles Frost | 1.9 | 13.0 | 17.9 | Archibald Blacklow | United Australia | ||
| Fremantle, WA | Labor | John Curtin | 7.0 | 13.5 | 5.5 | William Watson | United Australia | ||
| Grey, SA | Labor | Andrew Lacey | 9.6 | 17.1 | 7.5 | Philip McBride | Emergency Committee | ||
| Gwydir, NSW | Labor | Lou Cunningham | 3.7 | 13.5 | 9.8 | Aubrey Abbott | Country | ||
| Hume, NSW | Labor | Parker Moloney | 6.6 | 14.1 | 7.5 | Thomas Collins | Country | ||
| Hunter, NSW | Labor | Rowley James | 100.0 | 57.2 | 7.2 | Rowley James | Labor (NSW) | ||
| Indi, Vic | Labor | Paul Jones | 1.4 | 14.4 | 13.0 | William Hutchinson | United Australia | ||
| Lang, NSW | Labor | William Long | 16.2 | 20.4 | 4.2 | Dick Dein | United Australia | ||
| Macquarie, NSW | Labor | Ben Chifley | 15.6 | 16.2 | 0.6 | John Lawson | United Australia | ||
| Maribyrnong, Vic | Labor | James Fenton | 23.2 | 23.6 | 0.4 | James Fenton | United Australia | ||
| Martin, NSW | Labor | John Eldridge | 6.4 | 22.7 | 16.3 | William Holman | United Australia | ||
| North Sydney, NSW | Independent Nationalist | Billy Hughes | 16.1 | 23.6 | 7.5 | Billy Hughes | United Australia | ||
| Oxley, Qld | United Australia | James Bayley | 0.1 | 5.9 | 5.8 | Francis Baker | Labor | ||
| Parramatta, NSW | Labor | Albert Rowe | 3.3 | 19.5 | 16.2 | Frederick Stewart | United Australia | ||
| Reid, NSW | Labor | Percy Coleman | N/A | 55.3 | 5.3 | Joe Gander | Labor (NSW) | ||
| South Sydney, NSW | Labor | Edward Riley | 16.3 | 21.4 | 5.1 | John Jennings | United Australia | ||
| Wannon, Vic | Labor | John McNeill | 2.0 | 14.3 | 12.3 | Thomas Scholfield | United Australia | ||
| Wentworth, NSW | Independent Nationalist | Walter Marks | 8.3 | 58.3 | 15.8 | Eric Harrison | United Australia | ||
| Werriwa, NSW | Labor | Bert Lazzarini | 15.4 | 17.1 | 1.7 | Walter McNicoll | Country | ||
| West Sydney, NSW | Labor | Jack Beasley | 36.5 | 11.4 | 15.1 | Jack Beasley | Labor (NSW) | ||
| Wimmera, Vic | Country Progressive | Percy Stewart | N/A | 21.8 | 11.8 | Hugh McClelland | Country | ||
| Wilmot, Tas | Labor | Joseph Lyons | 2.9 | 25.0 | 22.1 | Joseph Lyons | United Australia | ||
- Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Turnout in contested seats
- ^ The Northern Territory had one seat, but members for the territories did not have full voting rights until 1966 and did not count toward government formation.
- ^ a b c d Labor-turned-Independent MP Moses Gabb was endorsed in the Division of Angas by the Emergency Committee of South Australia (formed by the state UAP for this election) who did not run their own candidate in Angas. Though Gabb is often listed as Emergency Committee, he remained an Independent and did not help form or sit with the government and as such has been removed from government tallies, meaning that though six MPs are listed elected as Emergency Committee candidates, there were only five Emergency Committee MPs.
- ^ Including Northern Territory
References
editExternal links
edit- University of WA Archived 18 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine election results in Australia since 1890
- Two-party-preferred vote since 1919
Further reading
edit- Cook, Peter. "Labor and the Premiers' Plan." Labour History (1969): 97–110. in JSTOR
- Denning, Warren, and Alan Douglas Reid. Caucus crisis: the rise & fall of the Scullin government (Hale & Iremonger, 1982)
- Head, Brian. "Economic crisis and political legitimacy: the 1931 federal election." Journal of Australian Studies (1978) 2#3 pp: 14-29. online
- Richardson, Nick. "The 1931 Australian Federal Election—Radio Makes History." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television (2010) 30#3 pp: 377-389. DOI:10.1080/01439685.2010.505037
- Roberts, Stephen H. "The Crisis in Australia: September, 1930-January, 1932." Pacific Affairs (1932) 5#4 pp: 319-332. in JSTOR
- Robinson, Geoff. "The Australian class structure and Australian politics 1931-40." APSA 2008: Australasian Political Science Association 2008 Conference. Australasian Political Science Association, 2008. online
- Robertson, J. R. "Scullin as Prime Minister: seven critical decisions." Labour History (1969): 27–36. in JSTOR
- Robertson, John. J.H. Scullin: A political biography (University of Western Australia Press, 1974)